This study aimed to investigate the correlation between marker polymorphism and growth traits in Pinctada fucata martensii. Five microsatellite markers (2PM206, 3PM10, 4PM34, 4PM50, and PM6) derived from expressed sequence tags were selected and were applied in a total of 339 pearl oysters. Observed heterozygosity and expected heterozygosity of the five microsatellite loci ranged from 0.360 to 0.681 and 0.429 to 0.672, respectively. Four loci (2PM206, 4PM34, 4PM50, and PM6) deviated from Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium (P > 0.05). Four growth traits, including shell height (SH), shell length (SL), shell width, and total weight (TW) were measured in all 339 samples. After Bonferroni correction, markers 2PM206, 4PM34, and 4PM50 were correlated with all four growth traits. Marker PM6 was significantly correlated with SH, SL, and TW, and marker 3PM10 was associated with SH and SL traits (P < 0.05). These results provide useful information for marker‐assisted breeding programs in P. fucata martensii.