Association between Sympathetic Nervous System Activation, Obesity and Insulin Resistance
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Cited by 3 publications
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Obesity in the 21st Century. Prevalence, Phenotypes, Course Variants and Consequences
The review article examines the issues of obesity regarding its prevalence, phenotypes, course and consequences. The anatomical, physiological and functional features of adipose tissue are discussed. The “Discussion” section presents the authors’ own clinical observations on therapeutic and surgical issues in the treatment of obesity. Currently, adipose tissue is divided into white, brown and beige. White and brown adipose tissue can turn into each other through the beige adipose tissue stage. The volume and activity of brown adipose tissue require greater expenditure in the metabolism of oxygen molecules and are more pronounced in women. The components of the extracellular matrix of adipose tissue are collagen types I, III, V, VI. The collagen structure of adipose tissue varies depending on the location, volume and size of fat, age, gender, functional state of the kidneys, thyroid gland, nature of food, energy expenditure and sleep patterns. With intense work and cold exposure, the hormone irisin is formed in skeletal muscles, which promotes the transformation of white adipose tissue into brown or beige, helps reduce body weight in obesity, and has a beneficial effect on the course of type 2 diabetes mellitus and associated diseases. Traditionally, obese individuals are divided into metabolically healthy obesity and metabolically unhealthy obesity based on the degree of metabolic disorders. In visceral fat, lipolysis occurs with high intensity, which supports the development of inflammation. In obesity, decreased expression of adiponectin accelerates the development of atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases. As body weight increases, visceral adipose tissue acquires an inflammatory phenotype, manifested by increased expression of cytokines (interleukin-6, interleukin-1, interleukin-17, tumor necrosis factor-alpha), hyperactivation of the tissue renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, as well as excessive cell infiltration immune system (leukocytes, neutrophils, T-lymphocytes, monocytes, macrophages). During inflammation in adipose tissue, inflammatory (M1) and atherogenic (M4) phenotypes of macrophages dominate. In morbid obesity, the number of macrophages in adipose tissue can reach up to 50% of all cells.
Obesity in the 21st Century. Prevalence, Phenotypes, Course Variants and Consequences
The review article examines the issues of obesity regarding its prevalence, phenotypes, course and consequences. The anatomical, physiological and functional features of adipose tissue are discussed. The “Discussion” section presents the authors’ own clinical observations on therapeutic and surgical issues in the treatment of obesity. Currently, adipose tissue is divided into white, brown and beige. White and brown adipose tissue can turn into each other through the beige adipose tissue stage. The volume and activity of brown adipose tissue require greater expenditure in the metabolism of oxygen molecules and are more pronounced in women. The components of the extracellular matrix of adipose tissue are collagen types I, III, V, VI. The collagen structure of adipose tissue varies depending on the location, volume and size of fat, age, gender, functional state of the kidneys, thyroid gland, nature of food, energy expenditure and sleep patterns. With intense work and cold exposure, the hormone irisin is formed in skeletal muscles, which promotes the transformation of white adipose tissue into brown or beige, helps reduce body weight in obesity, and has a beneficial effect on the course of type 2 diabetes mellitus and associated diseases. Traditionally, obese individuals are divided into metabolically healthy obesity and metabolically unhealthy obesity based on the degree of metabolic disorders. In visceral fat, lipolysis occurs with high intensity, which supports the development of inflammation. In obesity, decreased expression of adiponectin accelerates the development of atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases. As body weight increases, visceral adipose tissue acquires an inflammatory phenotype, manifested by increased expression of cytokines (interleukin-6, interleukin-1, interleukin-17, tumor necrosis factor-alpha), hyperactivation of the tissue renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, as well as excessive cell infiltration immune system (leukocytes, neutrophils, T-lymphocytes, monocytes, macrophages). During inflammation in adipose tissue, inflammatory (M1) and atherogenic (M4) phenotypes of macrophages dominate. In morbid obesity, the number of macrophages in adipose tissue can reach up to 50% of all cells.
Prognosis of a High Risk of Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease in the Long-Term Period of Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy in the Elderly and Senile
После холецистэктомии больные пожилого возраста требуют особого внимания из-за влияния инволюционных процессов в организме на формирование осложнений. Для выявления прогностических критериев формирования неалкогольной жировой болезни печени (НАЖБП) в отдаленном периоде мини-инвазивной холецистэктомии были обследованы 159 мужчин. Нарушение регуляции желчевыводящих путей определяли с помощью магнитно-резонансной хoлaнгиoпaнкреатoграфии, эластографии и МРТ печени. Микробные маркеры пристеночного микробиома кишечника определяли с помощью хромато-масс-спектрометрии. Выявлена взаимосвязь повышения ИМТ со снижением количества облигатного микробиома (r=–0,43, p<0,050), а также с формированием НАЖБП у пожилых пациентов. Определены особенности вегетативной регуляции у пожилых лиц с НАЖБП. Доказано, что в пожилом возрасте снижение количества облигатной анаэробной ассоциации микроорганизмов тонкой кишки (в среднем с 15 659 до 7 630 кл/г•105 у лиц 2-й возрастной подгруппы и с 14 571 до 7 837 кл/г•105 — в 3-й) является предиктором НАЖБП. Разработанный на основании анализа высокоинформативных признаков прогностический алгоритм позволяет с точностью не ниже 75 % выявить высокий риск формирования НАЖБП в отдалённом периоде холецистэктомии. After cholecystectomy, elderly patients require special attention, due to the influence of involution processes in the body on the formation of complications. To identify prognostic criteria for the formation of fatty liver degeneration in the long-term period of minimally invasive cholecystectomy, 159 men were examined. Dysregulation of the biliary tract was determined using magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography, elastography and magnetic resonance imaging of the liver. Microbial markers of the wall microbiome of the intestine were determined using chromatography-mass spectrometry. The relationship between an increase in body mass index and a decrease in the amount of obligate microbiome (r=–0,43, p<0,050), as well as with the formation of fatty liver degeneration in elderly patients, was revealed. The features of vegetative regulation in elderly people with fatty liver degeneration have been determined. It has been proven that in old age, a decrease in the number of obligate anaerobic association of microorganisms of the small intestine (on average from 15 659 to 7 630 in persons of the 2nd age subgroup and from 1 457 to 17 837 in the 3rd) is a predictor of fatty liver degeneration. The prognostic algorithm developed on the basis of the analysis of highly informative signs makes it possible to identify with an accuracy of at least 75 % a high risk of fatty liver degeneration in the long-term period of cholecystectomy.
Peculiarities of metabolic processes and vegetayive status in children with excess fraction of body fat mass
Introduction. Obesity in children makes for the earlier occurrence of cardiovascular, musculoskeletal, and endocrine system diseases.Data and methods. We examined 130 children who were distributed into two groups according to their body fat mass (BFM). Our test group included children with excess BFM fraction and our reference group was made up of children with normal body fat mass. All children were examined with bioimpedance analysis techniques. We comparatively assessed basic impedance analysis indices: fat, protein, carbohydrates, and mineral metabolism; as well as children’s vegetative status.Results. We revealed 20% of children to have overweight as their BMI while impedance analysis indicated that 40% of children had it. Children with BFM excess had a smaller phase angle and less active cellular and musculoskeletal mass combined with lower metabolic rates detected in 50% of them. Changes in body composition in the test group were accompanied by elevated contents of dextrose, sodium, total cholesterol, and hydrocortisone and prevailing influences exerted by sympathetic vegetative regulation against the reference group. Correlation analysis allowed revealing direct correlations between a BFM fraction, cholesterol, and vegetative regulation parameters. We also revealed direct correlations between hydrocortisone, atherogenic lipids and body composition that characterized fat metabolism; reserve correlations between hydrocortisone and a faction of musculoskeletal mass; between lipids in blood serum and fat-free body mass and phase angle; between a fraction of body fat mass and metabolic rate, and a fraction of musculoskeletal mass.Conclusions. Excess BFM fraction is a predictor of metabolic syndrome. Impedance analysis allows creating prevention programs aimed at correcting pathogenetic mechanisms that make for overweight occurrence.
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