Association between Digital Finger Ratio (2D:4D) and Salivary Testosterone level in Combative Sports and Non-Sportsmen

Malik, Arvind; Malik, Sonia

doi:10.5958/j.2278-795x.4.1.010

Cited by 3 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 13 publications

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“…However, a previous study had observed that the right 2D:4D of adult males was negatively correlated with circulating testosterone while the 2D:4D ratio of both hands of females positively correlated with circulating estrogen levels which were independent of body weight and standing height (Manning, Scutt, et al, 1998). Similarly, significant relationships between the 2D:4D and adult circulating T or E 2 had also been reported by other authors (Borráz‐León et al, 2018; Crewther et al, 2015; Klimek et al, 2014; Malik & Malik, 2011). It is, however, important to note that there are variabilities in methodology and sample population between studies which could have accounted for differences in their findings.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 82%

Sex‐moderated relationship between the 2D:4D ratio and circulating hormones in an adult Ghanaian population

Banyeh

Appiah

Abubakari

et al. 2023

Physiological Reports

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The second‐to‐fourth digit ratio (2D:4D) is the putative marker of prenatal hormone exposure. The 2D:4D ratio or the right–left difference (Dr‐l) are said to be negative and positive correlates, respectively, of circulating testosterone and estrogen in both adult males and females. However, previous studies on the subject have reported mixed results. This study aimed to determine the sex‐moderated relationship between the 2D:4D ratio and adult circulating testosterone, estradiol, testosterone‐to‐estradiol ratio and the free androgen index. This was a cross‐sectional study from January to June 2021 at the University for Development Studies, Ghana. The study involved 62 participants (Female = 28; Male = 34), aged between 20 and 26 years. The right (2D:4DR), the left (2D:4DL), and their difference (Dr‐l) were measured by computer‐assisted analysis. Fasting venous samples were assayed for total testosterone (T), estradiol (E2), and sex hormone‐binding globulin (SHBG) using ELISA. The free androgen index (FAI) was then calculated (T/SHBG) and the data were analyzed using moderated and/or weighted regression. Males had significantly higher T and FAI than females while females had significantly higher E2 than males, which were independent of age and body mass index (p < 0.001). There was a significant SEX*Dr‐l interaction on FAI (p = 0.007). The Dr‐l correlated negatively with FAI in males but positively in females and accounted for about 94.0% of the variability of FAI in males (adjR2 = 0.940) and only 0.2% in females (adjR2 = 0.002). The 2D:4D ratio, a putative marker of prenatal hormone exposure, may have an impact on sex differences in adult free androgen index.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 82%

Sex‐moderated relationship between the 2D:4D ratio and circulating hormones in an adult Ghanaian population

Banyeh

Appiah

Abubakari

et al. 2023

Physiological Reports

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“…The ratio of the index finger to the ring finger (2D:4D) has been shown to be a sexually dimorphic trait [9][10]. Additionally, the ratio of digits (2D:4D) measured by the length of index finger divided by the length of ring finger [7][8][9][10][11]. Therefore, researchers found an index of prenatal testosterone exposure relative to prenatal estrogen exposure [7][8][9][10][11][12].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Additionally, the ratio of digits (2D:4D) measured by the length of index finger divided by the length of ring finger [7][8][9][10][11]. Therefore, researchers found an index of prenatal testosterone exposure relative to prenatal estrogen exposure [7][8][9][10][11][12]. The prenatal androgen is likely to be increase, if the digit ratio goes down [7].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Digit Ratio and Soccer

Islam

Kundu

2019

OSMOAJ

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Investigation of hand index, digit finger ratio (2D:4D), and grip strength among court sports

Rahman,

Sharma

2024

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Hand index, finger ratio, and grip strength are potential indicators of proficiency in court sports. The aim of this study is to explore hand dimensions, fingers length ratio, and grip strength in court sports players, a domain in which such characteristics can significantly influence performance. Measurements, such as hand length (HL), hand breadth (HB), hand index (HI), palm length (PL), hand span (HS), index finger length (2D), ring finger length (4D), 2D to 4D ratio (2D:4D), low digit ratio (LDR), and high digit ratio (HDR) were studied in the field of hand anthropometry, along with a handgrip strength (HGS) test. Data were obtained from 135 male court sports players, including basketball, handball, and volleyball, with 45 players from each discipline. Descriptive statistics, one-way ANOVA, and an independent t-test were used to compare variables, with statistical significance set at p < 0.05. The ANOVA results indicated that there were no significant differences in hand variables, namely HL, HB, PL, HS, 2D, 4D, 2D:4D, LDR, HDR, and HGS, except for the HI variable. Post-hoc test results showed HI differences in basketball versus handball and volleyball. Compared to standard HI, their ranges show that all-court sports often fall into the Dolichocheri type, characterized by long fingers and a narrow, small palm. A low digit ratio may have some effect on HI in basketball and volleyball. However, it does not appear to have a significant effect on HGS across the study. In summary, the results of our study show that court athletes are similar in hand characteristics, 2D:4D, and grip strength for the nature of the game.

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Association between Digital Finger Ratio (2D:4D) and Salivary Testosterone level in Combative Sports and Non-Sportsmen

Cited by 3 publications

References 13 publications

Sex‐moderated relationship between the 2D:4D ratio and circulating hormones in an adult Ghanaian population

Sex‐moderated relationship between the 2D:4D ratio and circulating hormones in an adult Ghanaian population

Digit Ratio and Soccer

Investigation of hand index, digit finger ratio (2D:4D), and grip strength among court sports

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