Association between a dietary pattern high in saturated fatty acids, dietary energy density, and sodium with coronary heart disease

Abstract

This study aimed to determine the association between dietary pattern (DP) and coronary heart disease (CHD) among high-risk adults as determined by metabolic syndrome (MetS) criteria in Malaysia. This cross-sectional study involved 365 participants with (CHD = 178; non-CHD = 187) who were recruited from selected health clinics. Dietary intake was measured using a 189-item semi-quantitative foods frequency questionnaire (FFQ) whilst anthropometry and clinical data were measured by trained researcher and biochemical data were obtained from medical records. The reduced rank regression (RRR) method was used to derive DPs scores and binary logistic regression was used to assess the associations between identified DPs and CHD. The main DP found in this study was characterised by “high saturated fatty acid (SFA), high dietary energy density (DED), high sodium”. This DP, which is attributed to high consumption of coconut-based dishes, fast foods and snacks, rice dishes, fat spread, seasoning sauces, salted and processed foods, and low intake of fruits, green leafy vegetables, white rice and other vegetables were associated with CHD (OR:1.32, 95% CI:1.03, 1.69) p value = 0.026 when, adjusted for age, sex, race, education level, household income, family history of CHD, marital status, smoking status, physical activity, stress level and BMI. This study suggests that individuals with a DP of high SFA, high DED, and high sodium have a significantly increased likelihood of having CHD compared to those who do not practice this DP.

Effect of different forms of coconut on the lipid profile in normal free-living healthy subjects: A randomized controlled trial (Phase II)

“…Despite such evidence, however, some regulatory agencies believe that dietary saturated fats should be reduced and that substitution with PUFAs in lieu of SF could lead to reduced morbidity and mortality due to coronary artery disease. A vast amount of research points to this conclusion [ [47] , [48] , [49] ]. However, the data regarding the health effects of coconut oil are inconclusive.…”

Saturated Fatty Acid Chain Length and Risk of Cardiovascular Disease: A Systematic Review

“…Better lipid profiles were demonstrated with the virgin form of coconut oil [ 34 ]. Because coconuts are not consumed as the only food source nor are a source of saturated fat, there is a need to assess overall dietary patterns when examining diet and CVD relationships [ 35 , 36 ].…”

“…First, cohort studies are inherently biased by design due to the reliance on self-reported data [ 3 , 29 ]. Even though the FFQs used were previously validated and then cross-verified with food records or 24 h recalls, they still ultimately rely on self-reporting and therefore can contribute to bias [ 3 , 31 , 32 , 33 , 35 ]. In addition, the FFQ used in the EPIC-Norfolk cohort was not validated for measuring saturated fat, and the Danish cohort had limited information on TFA or C17 intake [ 30 ].…”

Breakfast Practices in Malaysia, Nutrient Intake and Diet Quality: A Study Based on the Malaysian Food Barometer

“…of 2000 mg of sodium or 5 g of salt per day. Other studies in adult Malaysians shown that 52% exceeded the dietary sodium intake recommendation from WHO while sauces are a major contributor of sodium intake (47,48). In addition, the average daily intake of saturated fat intake exceeded the recommended intake of 10% of the total daily energy intake in which breakfast contribution exceeded 20% of the daily recommended intake.…”