Assigned versus participative goal setting and response generalization: Managing injury control among professional pizza deliverers.

Abstract

Safety belt use, turn signal use, and intersection stopping were observed at 3 pizza delivery locations per driver's license plate numbers. After baseline observations, employees at 1 store participated in goal setting targeting complete stops. Employees at the other store were assigned a goal. Over 4 weeks, the group's percentages of complete intersection stopping were posted. Both intervention groups significantly increased their complete intersection stops during the intervention phase. The participative goal-setting group also showed significant increases in turn signal and safety belt use (nontargeted behaviors) concurrent with their increases in intersection stopping (targeted behaviors). Drivers decreased their turn signal and safety belt use concurrent with the assigned goal condition targeting complete stops.

The Additive Impact of Group and Individual Publicly Displayed Feedback: Examining Individual Response Patterns and Response Generalization in a Safe-Driving Occupational Intervention

“…Much of our research has found that an increase in a nontargeted behavior can result from an intervention on a similar response class depending on the intervention method (reviewed in Ludwig & Geller, 2000; see also Stokes & Baer, 1977). For example, Ludwig and Geller (1991) intervened to improve safety belt use and observed an increase in drivers' turn-signal use; Ludwig and Geller (1997) also found generalization across nontargeted driving behaviors after an intervention targeting complete stopping. Similarly, Camden, Price, and Ludwig (2009) reported on an absenteeism intervention that also decreased incidents of leaving work early.…”

“…Individual pizza deliverers were observed during an initial period of group goal setting and feedback, thus providing a systematic replication of Ludwig and Geller (1997). During this first phase, we expected a notable increase in the targeted behavior when analyzed at the group-aggregate level but not necessarily among all the pizza deliverers.…”

“…In contrast to Ludwig and Geller (1997), where pizza deliverers received group feedback, Ludwig, Biggs, Wagner, and Geller (2002) posted weekly individual feedback on either turn-signal use or complete intersection stops across different sites. Deliverers' percentages were posted individually on a vertical scale along with their names.…”

“…For example, Ludwig and Geller (1997) paired a group-based complete intersection stopping goal with weekly posted aggregated group feedback. This intervention increased complete stopping in two groups of pizza deliverers.…”

Don’t Kiss My Bumper: Investigating Tailgating Driving Behaviour in Botswana

“…Some research (Ludwig & Geller, 1997; suggests that individuals who engage in a potentially risky driving behaviour have a likelihood of engaging in several other such behaviours. In the latter study, a monograph which described more than 15 years of research on pizza delivery drivers, drivers who learned to engage in a specific safe driving behaviour were likely to engage in several other safe behaviours.…”