Assets and liabilities in group problem solving: The need for an integrative function.

Abstract

Research on group problem solving reveals that the group has both advantages and disadvantages over individual problem solving. If the potentials for group problem solving can be exploited and if its deficiencies can be avoided, it follows that group problem solving can attain a level of proficiency not ordinarily achieved. The requirement for achieving this level of group performance seems to hinge on developing a style of discussion leadership which maximizes the group's assets and minimizes its liabilities. Since members possess the essential ingredients for the solutions, the deficiencies that appear in group solutions reside in the processes by which group solutions develop. These processes can determine whether the group functions effectively or ineffectively. The critical factor in a group's potential is organization and integration. With training, a leader can supply these functions and serve as the group's central nervous system, thus permitting the group to emerge as a Highly efficient entity.

Emerging Leadership Vistas (International Leadership Symposia Series. Volume 8. Held in Lubbock, Texas July 23-27, 1985

“…That is, the leader can delegate only to the extent the leader has the authority to do so. This notion is similar to Maier's (1948) "area of freedom" concept. Effective adaptation requires control -authority -but also calls for leaders who can, as appropriate, share their power.…”

A deliberative approach to valuation and precautionary management of cold water corals in Norway

“…Questionnaires -especially written rather than face to face -encourage inner reflection, while the discussion encourages consideration of how others will respond to ones' arguments, and concern with 'image'. Participants may experience pressure to conform to norms of group behaviour (Maier 1967), which may, among other things, lead to strategic behaviour. There could be paradoxical results: for example, concern with what others view as realistic and solid bases for arguments may lead people to focus their statements more on tangible, shortterm values rather than on values reflecting their "true" preferences.…”

Asking Questions: A Sine Qua Non of Facilitation in Decision Support?

“…He argued that discussion leaders need to focus on the group process in a serving role, and take responsibility for accurate communication and managing information (Larson et al 1998;Maier 1967). Keeping the discussion moving and summarising are just some of the concrete behavioural options mentioned by Maier for group leaders to facilitate a discussion.…”

“…Already half a century ago, Maier (1967) considered the unique role of discussion leaders to effectively use group resources and avoid potential dysfunctions. He argued that discussion leaders need to focus on the group process in a serving role, and take responsibility for accurate communication and managing information (Larson et al 1998;Maier 1967).…”