Assessment the Safety of Alternative Aviation Fuels in Aero-Engine

Liu, Ziyu; Ding, Shuiting

doi:10.1115/power2016-59520

Cited by 5 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 19 publications

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“…Current research on SAF emissions has some shortcomings. Firstly, due to the high fuel consumption and costs during engine testing, there is limited research on fuel emissions performance at the engine level [17] and even at aircraft levels and reviews on engine-level pollutant emissions remain scarce. Secondly, compared with traditional aviation fuels, SAFs demonstrate significant advantages in emissions performance regarding SO 2 and PM, which is widely acknowledged.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparison of Emission Properties of Sustainable Aviation Fuels and Conventional Aviation Fuels: A Review

Song,

Li,

Liu

2024

Applied Sciences

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In order to achieve the International Air Transport Association’s (IATA) goal of achieving net-zero emissions in the aviation industry by 2050, there has been a growing emphasis globally on the technological development and practical application of sustainable aviation fuels (SAFs). Discrepancies in feedstock and production processes result in differences in composition between SAFs and traditional aviation fuels, ultimately affecting the emission performance of the two types of fuel. This paper discusses the impact of CO2/NOx/SO2/CO/PM/UHC emissions from the aviation industry on the natural environment and human health by comparing the two types of fuel under the same conditions. Fuel combustion is a complex process in the combustor of an engine, which transfers chemical energy into heat energy. The completeness of combustion is related to the fuel properties, including spray, evaporation, and flammability. Therefore, engine performance is not only affected by fuel performance, but also interacts with engine structure and control laws. The CO2 emissions of SAFs differ significantly from traditional aviation fuels from a lifecycle analysis perspective, and most SAFs can reduce CO2 emissions by 41–89%. Compared with traditional aviation fuels, SAFs and blended fuels can significantly reduce SO2 and PM emissions. Pure Fischer–Tropsch hydroprocessed synthesized paraffinic kerosine (FT-SPK) can reduce SO2 and PM emissions by 92% and 70–95% respectively, owing to its extremely low sulfur and aromatic compound content. In contrast, the differences in NOx emissions between the two types of fuel are not significant, as their generation mechanisms largely stem from thermal drive and turbulent flow in the combustor, with emissions performance being correlated to power output and flame temperature profile in engine testing. CO and UHC emissions are related to engine operating conditions and the physical/chemical properties of the SAFs, with no significant upward or downward trend. Therefore, SAFs have significant advantages over conventional aviation fuels in terms of CO2, SO2, and PM emissions, and can effectively reduce the hazards of aviation to the environment and human health.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparison of Emission Properties of Sustainable Aviation Fuels and Conventional Aviation Fuels: A Review

Song,

Li,

Liu

2024

Applied Sciences

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“…Accordingly, alternative aviation fuel blend as drop-in could not scarify the performance of the engine. Although with the development of alternative fuel refining, more and more refining processes have been certified to blend with traditional jet fuel as drop-in fuel, and the blend ratios should be in compliance with the requirements of ASTM International standards for aviation fuels (Liu et al, 2016). The main reason that the blend ratio should meet the standard is that sustainable jet fuel has different carbon number distribution and classification distribution compared to petroleum-derived kerosene.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Intelligent quantitative assessment on the spray performance of alternative aviation fuel

Liu

Wang

et al. 2022

Front. Energy Res.

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Drop-in alternative aviation fuel (AAF), as a blend of petroleum-derived kerosene with sustainable jet fuel, has the advantage in CO2 reduction and could be used without any modifications to the engine and aircraft. Therefore, drop-in AAF blending could not scarify the performance compared to traditional jet fuel. For assessing the spray performance quantitatively, traditional jet fuel (RP-3) with blending alternative compositions including paraffins, cycloparaffins, and aromatics was designed. Carbon number distribution and classification distribution in jet fuel compositions that would influence spray performance are well investigated. The cone angle and liquid length are recognized by a shadow image, while Sauter mean diameter (SMD) and velocity are investigated by phase-Doppler anemometry (PDA). The liquid length and droplet size of bicyclohexane, phenyl-cyclohexane, heptadecane, and octadecane conduct a significant deviation compared with RP-3, which complies with the large deviations of Lb (f)[σ0.25 μf0.25 ρf0.25], which extracted the fuel property item from the liquid length, and Oh(f) [μfσ−0.5ρf−0.5], which extracted the fuel property item from the Ohnesorge number. The blending fuels of those cannot be certified as drop-in fuel due to obvious deviation to RP-3, which also presents differences in carbon number distribution and classification distribution. The spray empirical models were established quantitatively to assess the characteristics of the liquid sheet and droplet for discovering the blend fuel effects. The empirical equations of the liquid length and SMD calibrated by evaporation constants can agree well with the experimental data except for blends of bicyclohexane, phenyl-cyclohexane, C17, and C18. The integrated spray performance assessment models developed could benefit from certifying drop-in fuel at the spray level quantitatively.

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Emission characteristics of cellulosic jet biofuel blend under laminar and turbulent combustion

Liu,

Wang,

Yang

2023

Biotechnol Biofuels

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Alternative biofuels have the potential to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and particulate matter due to free of aromatics compared to traditional petroleum-based aviation fuel. The potential mitigating emission of hydrothermal-condensation-hydrotreating jet biofuel (HCHJ) derived from agriculture residue was investigated. The effects of aviation biofuel components, blend ratio and equivalent ratio on emission characteristics were conducted by Premixed Pre-evaporated Bunsen burner (PPBB) for laminar combustion and ZF850 jet engine for turbulent combustion. In compositions, HCHJ had a higher concentration of cycloparaffins (mostly in C8–C10) while petroleum-based aviation fuel (RP-3) had a higher concentration of alkylbenzenes (mostly in C8–C11). In laminar combustion, HCHJ and both 50% blend HCHJ appear no unburned hydrocarbon (UHC) due to low aromatics content and no sulfur in the biofuel. Moreover, there were no significant differences in NO and NO2 concentration for HCHJ and HCHJ blends. In turbulent combustion, HCHJ blends and RP-3 were compared engine emissions at various state points. Considering all complex effects of fuel and combustion environment, HCHJ blend had a noticeable reduction in PM2.5 emissions in comparison with RP-3 due to their lower aromatics and sulfur content. As HCHJ is similar to RP-3 in C/H ratio, density and heat value and the different aromatics contents have different tendencies to generate PM2.5 at different condition, PM2.5 emission is not only related with the total aromatic content and individual aromatic structure but also the combustion environment at thrust setting and coexisting pollutants including NOx and UHC emissions. CO and NOx emission indicated that both of turbulent state and fuel type influence emissions. HCHJ blend can be benefit for PM2.5 reduction and combustion efficiency growth. PM2.5 reduction can be obtained 77.5% at 10% HCHJ blend and 9.5% at 5% HCHJ blend while combustion efficiency can be obtained 0.05% at 5% HCHJ blend and 0.36% at 10% HCHJ blend through all thrust output.

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Assessment the Safety of Alternative Aviation Fuels in Aero-Engine

Cited by 5 publications

References 19 publications

Comparison of Emission Properties of Sustainable Aviation Fuels and Conventional Aviation Fuels: A Review

Comparison of Emission Properties of Sustainable Aviation Fuels and Conventional Aviation Fuels: A Review

Intelligent quantitative assessment on the spray performance of alternative aviation fuel

Emission characteristics of cellulosic jet biofuel blend under laminar and turbulent combustion

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