“…Educators monitor student progress by administering probes across time, often one to two times per week, plotting collected observations on time series graphs, and evaluating the resulting trajectory in comparison with a set goal, to determine whether an instructional change should be made (Deno, 1985, 1986); Initially, CBM-R progress monitoring data were used to help special educators make day-to-day instructional decisions (Deno, 2003; Tindal, 2013). More recently, CBM-R progress monitoring data are also used to monitor the effects of supplemental interventions delivered to regular education students, often within multitiered systems of support (MTSS; Silberglitt, Parker, & Muyskens, 2016). Decision rules provide guidelines to determine whether a student is making adequate progress.…”