A phenyldimethylsilyl group attached to carbon can be converted into a hydroxy group 1-5, with retention of configuration at the migrating carbon, by any of three main methods. The first involves protodesilylation. to remove the phenyl ring from the silicon atom, followed by oxidation of the resulting functionalised silicon atom using peracid or hydrogen peroxide. The second uses mercuric acetate for the same purpose, and can be combined in one pot with the oxidative step using peracetic acid. This method has a variant in which the mercuric ion is combined with palladium(ii) acetate, both in less than stoichiometric amounts. The third uses bromine, which can also be used in one pot in conjunction with peracetic acid. In this method, but not in the method based on mercuric acetate, the peracetic acid may be buffered with sodium acetate. The method using bromine as the electrophile for removing the benzene ring has a more agreeable variant in which it is administered in the form of potassium bromide, which is oxidised to bromine by the peracetic acid. The scope and limitations of each of these methods are reported with a range of examples possessing between them many of the common functional groups. Simple benzene rings, alcohols, ethers, esters, amides and nitriles are compatible with all three methods, and ketones do not undergo Baeyer-Villiger reaction under any of the conditions. Amines, however, are oxidised to amine oxides. Ketones may be brominated in the third of the three main recipes. The absence of acid in the third method makes it especially valuable when the phenyldimethylsilyl group has a neighbouring nucleofugal group such as hydroxy or acetoxy. Carbon-carbon double bonds are incompatible with the methods, except for terminal monosubstituted double bonds, which can survive the conditions used in the first of the three methods.We have established in a series of papers that a silyl group on a stereogenic centre exerts considerable influence on the diastereoselectivity of reactions taking place at an adjacent double bond. Some of these reactions are SE2' reactions of allylsilanes,' in which the silyl group is removed from the molecule, and its stereochemical information transferred to the newly created stereogenic centre. However, in other reactions that we studied, notably in the alkylations of enolates having a a silyl group' and in the hydroboration OF allyl~ilanes,~ the silyl group remained in the molecule. For such reactions to be useful in synthesis we needed to convert the silyl group into something else with the stereochemical information that it carries intact. We reported in two preliminary communications 4 . 5 that a phenyldimethylsilyl group can be converted in two steps into a hydroxy group 1+5 with retention of configuration. We now report the experimental details of this work.

This study examined technical features of slopes produced from curriculum-based measures (CBM) of beginning writing. Eighty-five first-graders completed weekly sentence copy, picture-word, and story prompts for 12 weeks. After 12 weeks, testing revealed alternate-form reliability and criterion validity of CBM scores generally similar to those found in previous research. Examinations of group- and individual-level slopes indicated 8 or 9 data points are needed to yield reliable and stable slopes. The picture-word task appeared most sensitive to growth in brief periods, yielding slopes that were significantly greater than 0 within 4 weeks. Research directions and recommendations for monitoring progress of beginning writers are discussed.

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System‐wide practices in schools should diminish the occurrence of children's problem behavior that is deleterious to academic achievement. The current study examined the relationship between variables that affect classroom behavior and observed behavior in schools with and without a theoretically based character education program. Observational data from 12 elementary schools compared control and treatment conditions on classroom disruption, and examined the influences of class size and percentage of students receiving a free or reduced price lunch (FRL). Results showed a weaker relationship between class size, FRL, and behavior problems within the character education schools than in control schools and that the character education program may have had a stronger influence in schools with a high percentage of students eligible for FRL. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.