Assessment of Wool Waste and Hair Waste as Soil Amendment and Nutrient Source

Abstract

A field and two container experiments were conducted to assess uncomposted wool and hair wastes as a nutrient source for crops and to evaluate their potential to improve soil biological and chemical properties. Overall, addition of wool or hair waste to soil increased yields of basil (Ocimum basilicum L. 'Trakia'), thorn apple (Datura innoxia Mill. 'Inka'), peppermint (Mentha x piperita L. 'Black Mitchum'), and garden sage (Salvia officinalis L. 'Desislava'), increased NH(4)-N and NO(3)-N in soil, increased total N (and protein) content in plant tissue, stimulated soil microbial biomass, and decreased mycorrhizae colonization of plant roots of thorn apple but not in basil. Wool and hair waste additions to soil altered slightly the content and composition of plant secondary metabolites (essential oils or alkaloids); however, overall the constituents remained within the "typical" range for the respective crops. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) analysis demonstrated that wool and hair wastes decompose slowly under field or greenhouse conditions, and act as a slow release S, N, P, and K fertilizer. These results, along with the measured concentrations of NO(3)-N in soil at harvest, suggest that the addition of wool or hair waste of only 3.3 g kg(-1) of soil may support two to five harvests or crops under greenhouse conditions and two to four field seasons in field production systems, and would improve soil biological and chemical characteristics. Further research is needed to optimize the rate of application of these waste materials to the nutrient requirements of specific crops to avoid nitrate leaching into the ground water. In addition, the effect of wool and hair waste on other environmental end points should also be further investigated before specific recommendations for growers are provided.

Key determinants affecting sheep wool biodegradation directed by a keratinase-producing Bacillus subtilis recombinant strain

“…7d). This result is not surprising since sheep wool contains several elements such as Mg, Ca, K, Na, Cu, P, Mn, Fe, B, Al and Zn (Zheljazkov 2005).…”

“…The inefficient utilization of such wastes contributes greatly to their accumulation. The world market for wool has dropped dramatically consequently; an excess quantity of wool could not be processed (Zheljazkov 2005). Post consumer carpets also represent a large amount of sheep wool waste (McNeil et al 2007).…”

Characteristics of Feather Protein Concentrates Hydrolyzed Using Bacillus subtilis FNCC 0059

“…However, enzymatic hydrolysis technology becomes an option for scientists to develop further (Jayathilakan et al, 2012). Feather waste is one of the alternative sources of protein for livestock, especially monogastric (Hasni et al, 2014;Scholljegerdes et al, 2005) and in plants (Zheljazkov, 2005).…”

A Bacillus Strain Able to Hydrolyze Alpha- and Beta-Keratin

“…Also sheep production and wool processing generate a significant amount of keratin waste, and as the world market for wool has dropped dramatically, this has brought about a huge amount of wool waste that cannot be processed [6]. Wool contains a different kind of keratin (α-keratin) than feather, due to the high concentration of cysteine crosslinking in the exocuticle of the wool fiber, and it is consequently not as rigid as feather keratin (β-keratin) [7].…”