Assessment of water losses in distribution networks: Methods, applications, uncertainties, and implications in intermittent supply

AL-Washali, Taha Mohammed; Sharma, Saroj; Lupoja, Robert; Al-Nozaily, Fadhl; Haidera, Mansour; Kennedy, Maria D.

doi:10.1016/j.resconrec.2019.104515

Cited by 65 publications

(58 citation statements)

References 21 publications

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“…In general, the total water losses in the WDN are real losses (Washali et al 2020). It takes time until the administration realizes the losses and repairs the leaks whereby the water loss volume increases (Hussein et al 2017).…”

Section: Invisible Water Leakage Determination On Surfacementioning

confidence: 99%

The strategic development for water loss prevention

Kılıç

2021

Appl Water Sci

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The population growth and urbanization have gained importance in the Water Resource Management (WRM) works. The classic approach in relation to the development of the water resources has lost its sustainability. Water has, therefore, become an important, but also becoming a scarce natural source due to the global warming and its climate change impacts end results. The major aim of WRM is to increase the Water Distribution Network (WDN) to keep water supply sustenance by decreasing the water demand. The new approaches in relation to the WRM should take into consideration in a more refined manner the supply–demand balance with the improvements in the WDN. Recently, water resources performance improvements have become one of the significant investment topics in Turkey. However, data from the Turkish Statistical Institute and any academic research in this field have shown that there is a water loss of around 50% in the current water supply and distribution systems. In comparison to other developed countries, this loss is very high. It became, therefore, necessary that each Water Resources Administration should keep track on the costs, water leakage losses and the necessary technological investments. In the scope of this study, water loss levels reduction strategy possibilities are developed in the Sakarya City WDM system, Turkey. These strategies field applications have been presented in detail. Finally, the extent of accuracy in these strategies has been shown, which may provide guidance for other water administrations departments in the world.

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Section: Invisible Water Leakage Determination On Surfacementioning

confidence: 99%

The strategic development for water loss prevention

Kılıç

2021

Appl Water Sci

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“…Although it is not technically possible to reduce the water losses to zero especially in systems with aged infrastructure, means to reduce the losses in the system starts with thorough assessment of the system to prioritize management options. Hence, keeping in mind the close linkage between water and energy, utilities can exploit a joint wholistic water-energy balance where a link between energy consumption in water supply processes and associated water and energy losses can be quantified [82,105,106].…”

Section: • Variation In Precipitation Patternsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Applying the Water-Energy Nexus for Water Supply—A Diagnostic Review on Energy Use for Water Provision in Africa

Macharia¹,

Kreuzinger²,

Kitaka

2020

Water

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This work explores the application of the Water-Energy Nexus concept for water supply in the African context, where its operationalization is quite limited compared to developed regions. Furthermore, water supply and demand drivers and their influence on energy use are examined. This study found that there is limited literature available on the operationalization of the concept, and energy use is not considered a key performance indicator by water regulators and utilities. Regionally, most of the studies were carried out in the northern and southern Africa, where energy demand for water supply through desalination is high. An analysis of water supply and demand drivers show diminishing quantities of available freshwater, and increased anthropogenic pollutant loads in some areas are projected. Consequently, utilities will likely consider alternative energy-intensive water supply options. Increased population growth with the highest global urban growth rate is projected, with about 60% of the total population in Africa as urban dwellers by 2050. This implies huge growth in water demand that calls for investment in technology, infrastructure, and improved understanding of energy use and optimization, as the largest controllable input within utilities boundaries. However, it requires a data-driven understanding of the operational drivers for water supply and incorporation of energy assessment metrics to inform water-energy policies and to exploit the nexus opportunities.

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“…The MNF analysis and BABE are usually used as complementary analyses for the top‐down water audit. However, using more than a method for establishing the water balance for the entire network is recommended (Al‐Washali et al, ), because it can improve the accuracy of the tool significantly and assist in establishing more reliable and system‐wide balances. For the DMA‐scale, MNF analysis remains a powerful methodology to establish the water balance in DMAs.…”

Section: Tools For Water Balance Establishmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

A review of nonrevenue water assessment software tools

et al. 2020

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Several software tools are available that can assess the performance of nonrevenue water (NRW) in water distribution networks and plan for reduction measures. Of the 21 tools that have been reported in the literature, 12 are freely available. The creation of these many tools and different versions of each individual tool indicates the promising future of NRW software development. This review comprises 12 freely available tools for water balance establishment, NRW performance assessment, and NRW reduction planning. Most of the tools have been developed to establish standard annual water balances and recommended performance indicators (PIs) for the entire network. Some tools have been developed to intervene and reduce the leakage in a district metered area. Key features increasingly being included in NRW software include uncertainty analysis, recognition of supply intermittency, and accommodation of a guidance matrix and benchmarks. Leakage assessment is fully recognized, and leakage reduction analyses are increasingly growing in the software tools. However, much less attention has been paid to assessing and options for reducing apparent losses. Although a comprehensive NRW management tool for monitoring, planning, and intervention is not currently available, developing a comprehensive tool is worthwhile, in the form of one package or a kit of smaller tools. Toward this goal, the article provides insights and recommendations addressing topics of intermittency, normalization, multi‐method assessment, planning for the reduction of apparent and real losses, and estimation of the economic level of water loss. This article is categorized under: Engineering Water > Planning Water Engineering Water > Methods

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Assessment of water losses in distribution networks: Methods, applications, uncertainties, and implications in intermittent supply

Cited by 65 publications

References 21 publications

The strategic development for water loss prevention

The strategic development for water loss prevention

Applying the Water-Energy Nexus for Water Supply—A Diagnostic Review on Energy Use for Water Provision in Africa

A review of nonrevenue water assessment software tools

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