Assessment of vascularity with color Doppler ultrasound in gynecomastia

Assessment of color Doppler ultrasonography findings in gynecomastia

“…Vessels are essential for the development of all tissues; therefore, evaluating them with color Doppler US in patients with gynecomastia might prove to be as important as using this diagnostic instrument to determine the Tanner staging system. We found a strong positive correlation between the Tanner stages and arterial and venous flow scores, as did Ramadan et al [5]. In our assessment of arterial flow, it was not detected in some cases, especially in the early Tanner stages (II, III), but a prominent arterial flow score was noted during the late Tanner stages (IV, V).…”

“…Klinefelter syndrome, anarchism, acquired testicular failure, receptor defects, and hyperthyroidism), and drugs (anabolic steroids, digitalis, isoniazid, tricyclic antidepressants, and marijuana). It can also occur as a result of an imbalance between estrogen and androgen [2,5]. Gynecomastia is staged according to the Tanner grading system using clinical findings and US.…”

“…Some authors accept that the presence of breast tissue measuring at least 2 cm in diameter is sufficient for the diagnosis of gynecomastia [6,7], but others require the presence of breast tissue measuring at least 0.5 cm in diameter [5,8]. However, apart from the study by Ramadan et al [5], all these studies were conducted using clinical observations alone. Ramadan et al [5] found that a diameter of 5 mm was required for the diagnosis of gynecomastia in patients evaluated via US.…”

“…However, apart from the study by Ramadan et al [5], all these studies were conducted using clinical observations alone. Ramadan et al [5] found that a diameter of 5 mm was required for the diagnosis of gynecomastia in patients evaluated via US. In our study group, the minimum acceptable retroareolar tissue thickness was 3 mm, and we suggest that US can reveal millimetric changes in the evaluation of gynecomastia.…”

Efficiency of Imaging Modalities in Male Breast Disease: Can Ultrasound Give Additional Information for Assessment of Gynecomastia Evolution?

“…We believe that high-resolution probes can contribute to the evaluation of the developmental stages of gynecomastia through its ability to resolve micro lobulations and spiculations. Ramadan et al (19) reported that the sonographic characteristics of gynecomastia in men are similar to the early breast development in female adolescents depending on the duration of development. Therefore, Tanner staging may be used in male patients alternatively for the sonographic evaluation of gynecomastia.…”