Efficiency of Imaging Modalities in Male Breast Disease: Can Ultrasound Give Additional Information for Assessment of Gynecomastia Evolution?

Sarıca, Özgür; Kahraman, Ahmet; Öztürk, Enis; Teke, Memik

doi:10.5152/ejbh.2017.3416

Cited by 6 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 24 publications

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“…Ultrasound measurements were performed by one well‐trained investigator using a transportable Siemens Logic E ultrasound system with a 12 MHz linear transducer. Adipose tissue is characterized in the ultrasound as hypoechoic or anechoic, while ultrasound signs of breast tissues are retroareolar ovoid hyperechoic tissue and branched duct development flame‐shaped with finger‐like extensions into the surrounding tissue presenting as central hypoechoic star‐shaped areas encircled by hyperechoic peripheral rim 2,15‐17 . If any sign of breast tissue was detected by ultrasound the boy was classified as having gynaecomastia even if there were also hints of adipose tissue.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Transition from gynaecomastia to lipomastia in pubertal boys

Reinehr

Kulle

Barth

et al. 2021

Clinical Endocrinology

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Objective Gynaecomastia is frequent in pubertal boys and is regarded as a self‐limiting abnormality. However, longitudinal studies proving this hypothesis are scarce. Design Longitudinal follow‐up study (median 2.4, range 1.0‐4.8 years). Methods The regression of breast diameter was analysed in 31 pubertal boys aged 11.7‐16.1 (median 13.2) years with gynaecomastia. Furthermore, weight changes (as BMI‐SDS) and pubertal stage, oestradiol [E2], oestriol, oestrone, androstenedione, testosterone [T], dihydrotestosterone, gonadotropins, IGF‐1, and IGFBP‐3 serum concentrations determined at first clinical presentation were related to breast diameter regression determined by palpation and disappearance of breast glandular tissue in ultrasound in follow‐up to identify possible predictors of breast regression. Results During the observation period, the breast diameter decreased (in median −1 (interquartile range [IQR] −5 to +1) cm). At follow‐up, 6% of boys had no breast enlargement any more, and 65% developed lipomastia. Gynaecomastia was still present in 29%. None of the analysed hormones was related significantly to breast diameter regression or disappearance of breast glandular tissue. In multiple linear regression analyses adjusted for observational period, as well as age and BMI‐SDS at first presentation, changes in BMI‐SDS (β‐coefficient 6.0 ± 2.3, p = .015) but not the E2/T ratio or any other hormone determined at baseline was related to changes in breast diameter. Conclusions Breast diameter regression seems not to be predictable by a hormone profile in pubertal boys with gynaecomastia. In pubertal boys presenting with gynaecomastia, conversion to lipomastia of smaller volume is common. The reduction of weight status was the best predictor of breast diameter regression.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Transition from gynaecomastia to lipomastia in pubertal boys

Reinehr

Kulle

Barth

et al. 2021

Clinical Endocrinology

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“…La pseudoginecomastia es el diagnóstico diferencial más importante de la GM, y comprende el depósito graso pectoral en hombres con obesidad, también llamada lipomastia o adipomastia, y se diferencia porque la grasa es de consistencia blanda en toda el área pectoral, mientras que el tejido glandular es firme y retroareolar [53].…”

Section: Pseudoginecomastiaunclassified

“…En las hormonas a evaluar se deben incluir testosterona, testosterona libre (biodisponible), SHBG, estradiol, hCG, LH, FSH, prolactina, T3, T4 y TSH. El estudio de función hepática y renal debe incluir creatinina y transaminasas (ALT, AST) [11,37,53,55,56].…”

Section: Diagnósticounclassified

“…Las imágenes diagnósticas pueden incluir ecografía mamaria, testicular y mamografía [9]. La ecografía mamaria puede ser útil para diferenciar la GM de los depósitos grasos cuando existe duda al examen físico, y la mamografía es indispensable si existe sospecha de cáncer de mama, y se debe recurrir a la biopsia para su confirmación [53,57,58]. La ecografía testicular se debe realizar cuando hay sospecha de una masa testicular o adrenal.…”

Section: Diagnósticounclassified

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Ginecomastia: aspectos generales y etiológicos

Sepulveda

Alejandro²

2020

Med. Lab.

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La ginecomastia es el crecimiento mamario benigno en el varón. Etiológicamente se clasifica en fisiológica y patológica. La ginecomastia fisiológica se presenta frecuentemente en ciertos periodos de la vida, como la época neonatal, puberal y senil. La patológica se asocia a múltiples factores, incluyendo los hormonales, los de origen tumoral, y al uso de ciertos medicamentos, entre otros; sin embargo, en muchos pacientes no se consigue identificar nunca la causa. La historia clínica y el examen físico son los pilares fundamentales que permiten orientar hacia la etiología, con el apoyo de pruebas de laboratorio e imagenología que permitan descartar una enfermedad clínica subyacente. En los casos moderados o severos, la cirugía es el tratamiento de elección. El objetivo del presente manuscrito es discutir algunos puntos de interés acerca de los aspectos más importantes relacionados con la ginecomastia, incluyendo la fisiopatología, la clínica y el diagnóstico, además de presentar las principales causas asociadas a esta condición. Por último, se describen los tipos de tratamiento disponibles para estos pacientes.

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