Assessment of thermal stratification within stream pools as a mechanism to provide refugia for native trout in hot, arid rangelands

Abstract

Native trout species, such as the redband trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss), occupy thermally harsh stream habitats in hot, arid rangeland basins of the western United States. Declines in the distribution and abundance of these species has generated interest in understanding how these cold water species survive in these systems, as well as in identifying opportunities to restore these species to their former ranges. The purpose of this study was to assess the potential for thermal stratification to provide thermal refuge for redband trout in stream pools characterized by warm intermittent flow conditions on arid rangelands. We studied vertical thermal stratification in two pools during three summers on Boles Creek located on the Modoc Plateau in extreme northeastern California. Water and air temperature data were collected on a 0.5 h time step from 15-Jun through 15-Sep during 1996, 1997, and 2000 using commercial temperature data-loggers. Water temperature was measured at the top (0.3 m below pool surface) and bottom (0.3 m above pool substrates) of each pool. Vertical thermal stratification occurred within these pools creating conditions as much as 7.6 C cooler and consistently more constant at the bottom of pools compared to pool surface waters. Thermal stratification was dependent upon air temperature with the magnitude of stratification increasing as air temperature increased. The magnitude of thermal stratification varied significantly from year to year, likely reflecting variation in annual weather conditions. The thermal regime in the study pools was often near the upper lethal limit reported for redband trout, but temperatures at the bottom of these pools did offer refuge from lethal temperatures realized near the pool surface. Temperatures at pool bottom were consistently above optimal levels published for redbands.

Water Quality Conditions Associated with Cattle Grazing and Recreation on National Forest Lands

“…Warm, low-flow conditions have been associated with elevated FIB [66]–[68]. Across this region, stream water temperatures are at their annual maximum in August and stream flows are at their annual minimum in September [69], [70]. We observed stagnant-low flow conditions to be significantly associated with increased FIB concentrations (Table 5).…”

Climatic changes and 13‐year trends in stream macroinvertebrate assemblages in New South Wales, Australia

“…For instance, deep pools are known to provide thermal refuges for coldwater fishes (Tate et al, 2007), and may play a similar role for thermophobic macroinvertebrates. In arid and semiarid regions, a few deep pools may also C L I M A T E C H A N G E A N D S T R E A M M A C R O I N V E R T E B R A T E S 2799 serve as critical hydrological refuges during droughts (Bunn et al, 2006).…”

Micro-scale heterogeneity in water temperature

“…Poole et al, 2001) and it is thus of great importance that these habitats are maintained and, if degraded, that they are restored. Deep pools, which are vertically stratified (Matthews and Berg, 1997;Elliot, 2000;Tate et al, 2006), act as thermal refugia, with fish migrating to cooler bottom water when surface temperatures exceed their incipient lethal limit, even though these pools are often lower in dissolved oxygen than the surface water, resulting in a trade-off between high temperatures and low dissolved oxygen (Matthews and Berg, 1997;Elliot, 2000).…”