Assessment of the systemic immune‐inflammation index in type 2 diabetic patients with and without dry eye disease: A case‐control study

Abstract

BackgroundThe inflammation plays a role in the pathophysiology of type‐2 diabetes progression, and the mechanism remains unclear. The systemic immune‐inflammation index (SII) is a novel inflammatory marker for type 2 diabetes patients and integrates multiple indicators in complete blood counts and routine blood tests.AimSince there is no international diagnostic standard for dry eye disease (DED), this study uses low‐cost inflammatory blood biomarkers to investigate the correlation between SII and DM2–DED and determine the diagnosis indices of other biomarkers in DM2–DED.MethodologyA case‐control retrospective analysis of totel patients n = 293 randomly selected and categorized into four groups: DED, DM2, DM2‐DED, and healthy subjects. Demographic and blood biomarker variables were classified as categorical and continuous variables. The platelet‐to‐lymphocyte ratio (PLR), lymphocytes‐to‐lymphocyte ratio, neutrophil‐to‐lymphocyte ratio (NLR), and SII were calculated platelet count multiply by NLR and analyzed for their correlation for all groups.ResultsFocusing on DM2‐DED patients was more common in females, 59.6%, than in males, 40.2%. The mean ages were 60.7 ± 11.85 years, a statistically significant difference with all groups. In the study group DM2‐DED, there was an increase in all blood markers compared to all remaining groups except PLR. Only neutrophil, hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c), and fasting blood sugar levels were statistically significant differences in DM2‐DED patients (p > 0.001, p < 0.001, and p < 0.001, respectively) compared to all groups. There was a positive correlation between HbA1c and PLR, HbA1c and NLR, and HbA1c and SII (r = 0.037, p = 0.705; r = 0.031, p = 0.754; and r = 0.066, p < 0.501, respectively) in the DM2‐DED group.ConclusionThis study demonstrated that elevated SII values were linked to elevated HbA1c in DM2‐DED patients. The potential of SII and HbA1c as early diagnostic indicators for ocular problems associated with diabetes mellitus is highlighted by their favorable connection in diagnosing DM2‐DED.

Assessment of leukocyte and systemic inflammation index ratios in dyslipidemia patients with dry eye disease: a retrospective case‒control study

“…The following systematic inflammation index ratios were subsequently calculated: the NLR, which was calculated by dividing the neutrophil count by the lymphocyte count [ 45 ]; the PLR, which was calculated by dividing the platelet count by the lymphocyte count [ 45 ]; the MLR, which was calculated by dividing the monocyte count by the lymphocyte count [ 50 ]; and the NLPR, which was calculated by dividing the neutrophil count by the lymphocyte count multiplied by the platelet count [ 44 , 51 ].…”

“…Furthermore, numerous studies have indicated that the neutrophil-to-lymphocyte and platelet ratio (NLPR) is a novel inflammatory marker and essential predictor of inflammation in several inflammatory diseases, including COVID-19 [ 42 – 44 ]. Few studies have examined the relationship between chronic diseases and dry eye disease using blood biomarkers, such as inflammation index ratios [ 45 – 47 ]. Additionally, a study in which the association between DED and lipid profiles was investigated revealed that the results of participants with DED were similar to the results of those diagnosed with DLP compared with the healthy group [ 48 ].…”

Hematological and Hemorheological Parameters of Blood Platelets as Biomarkers in Diabetes Mellitus Type 2: A Comprehensive Review

“…Raised levels of NLR and PLT/Ly have been associated with DED. The value of the systemic immune inflammation (SII) index has been used as a prognostic indicator for inflammatory diseases such as DM2 [29].…”