Assessment of the Revised International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics Staging for Early Invasive Squamous Cervical Cancer

MRI for Pretreatment Lymph Node Staging in Uterine Cervical Cancer

“…Clinical staging of cervical cancers is accurate in only approximately 60% of cases, which is far less than surgical staging accuracy [2,3]. Lymph node metastasis is not a factor for FIGO staging; however, nodal metastases in gynecologic malignancies have an adverse impact on survival, especially in cases of paraaortic node involvement in cervical cancer [4,5]. Although nodal resection before radiation therapy results in a higher survival rate in patients with grossly enlarged pelvic and paraaortic lymph nodes [6,7], routine pretreatment surgical staging is not recommended.…”

Early invasive cervical adenocarcinoma: its potential for nodal metastasis or recurrence

“…Kasper et al 11 confirmed the report by Burghardt and Holzer 9 and Burghardt 10 that a tumour volume exceeding 500 mm 3 is an adverse prognostic indicator for cervical adenocarcinoma. They found no recurrence among patients with a tumour volume of 500 mm 3 or less.…”

“…They found no recurrence among patients with a tumour volume of 500 mm 3 or less. However, the maximum tumour volume of FIGO stages IA1 and IA2 tumours (if not exophytic or multifocal lesions) is 220.5 (3 Â 7 Â 10.5) mm 3 and 367.5 (5 Â 7 Â 10.5) mm 3 , respectively. Thus, we assume that the borderline tumour volume to define microinvasive cervical adenocarcinoma should be set at nearly half of that in Kasper et al's report 11 .…”

“…The tumours with a horizontal spread of 7 mm or less were defined as stage IA1 if the invasive component had a depth of 3 mm or less and as stage IA2 if the invasive component was 3 -5 mm in depth 1 . Several investigators 2,3 agree with this definition because of its close correlation to the incidence of nodal disease or recurrence, while others 4,5 who consider that capillary space involvement is important disagree with this classification since the presence or absence of capillary involvement does not alter the stage. Although not universally accepted, the FIGO classification (1994) is increasingly used as the basis of treatment guidelines for squamous cell carcinoma.…”

Terahertz Pulse Imaging of Micro-metastatic Lymph Nodes in Early-stage Cervical Cancer Patients

“…The prognostic factors identified in cervical cancer patients are tumor size, depth of stromal invasion, presence of lymphovascular tumor emboli, histologic type, and invasion of surgical margins [2,3]. Lymph node metastasis is also closely associated with poor prognosis and decreased survival rate [4]; moreover, this metastasis is an indicator for adjuvant radiotherapy [5].…”