Assessment of Surrogate End Point Trends in Clinical Trials to Approve Oncology Drugs From 2001 to 2020 in Japan

Abstract

ImportanceA surrogate end point (SEP) is an end point used in clinical trials as an alternative for measuring the true clinical benefit. The use of SEPs in trials shortens their duration.ObjectivesTo investigate the use of SEPs in clinical trials to support the approval of anticancer drugs and to determine whether confirmatory studies that use overall survival (OS) as an end point are being conducted in Japan.Design, Setting, and ParticipantsIn this cross-sectional study, drug approvals and background information were obtained from publicly available information, such as the Pharmaceuticals and Medical Devices Agency website, for anticancer drugs approved in Japan from January 2001 to December 2020. Data analysis was performed from September 2021 to March 2022.Main Outcomes and MeasuresCharacteristics of approved oncology drugs in Japan, end points for pivotal clinical trials, and outcomes of confirmatory trials using OS as an end point following drug approval.ResultsThere were 299 anticancer drugs approved in Japan during the study period. Of these, 142 (47.5%) were molecular-targeted drugs, the most common of which targeted non–small cell lung cancer. There were 111 (37.1%) anticancer drugs with orphan designation. From 2001 to 2005, OS was used as an end point in 1 approval (3.6%); however, from 2006 to 2020, OS was used in 86 approvals (31.7%). Of the 212 anticancer drugs approved on the basis of SEPs, confirmatory studies with OS as the end point were conducted for only 37 approvals (17.5%); for the remaining 175 approvals, studies are under way for 35 approvals (16.5%), were waivered for 75 approvals (35.4%), and were not conducted for 65 approvals (30.7%). Furthermore, in 20 drug approvals (9.4%), the conducted confirmatory studies were not effective in determining the OS, but the drugs were approved following re-examination.Conclusions and RelevanceThe findings of this study suggest that starting from 2005, the use of OS as an end point has increased in studies supporting the approval of anticancer drugs in Japan. However, even after 2005, approximately two-thirds of these approvals were SEP based. Postmarketing surveillance studies of the true end points are necessary to validate the use of SEPs.

Continued cancer drug approvals in Japan and Europe after market withdrawal in the United States: A comparative study of accelerated approvals

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Trends in oncology drug lags in Japan from 2001 to 2020: A cross‐sectional study

“…We experimentally used multiple regression analysis to investigate the factors contributing to drug lag. We have also examined considerable explanatory variables that might affect the drug lag of anticancer drugs in Japan based on previous studies 2 , 3 , 11 , 12 , 13 , 14 , 15 , 16 , 17 , 25 , 26 , 27 , 28 , 29 and other considerable factors; however, there might be other important potential factors.…”

“…Information from the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) was primarily obtained from the FDA website (http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/cder/drugsatfda/). Data collection from the PMDA and FDA websites was conducted as described in our previous studies 5,10,12,13,16–18 …”

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