Assessment of Smell and Taste Disorders in COVID-19: A Cross-sectional Study

Abstract

features of IPEH on histopathology include papillary structures and hyperplastic endothelial cells contained within the vascular lumen. It has been described in association with a wide range of lesions such as cavernous hemangiomas, varices, and lymphangiomas. Intravascular papillary endothelial hyperplasia can mimic angiosarcoma, a highly malignant tumor capable of metastasis. The distinction can be made on histopathology, with angiosarcomas showing tissue invasion beyond blood vessels and exhibiting malignant cytologic features. 2 The first orbital case of IPEH was reported by Weber and Babel in 1981. 6 Since then, our literature review revealed a total of 24 cases in periocular soft tissues. 7-13 Among these, only 11 were located deep within the orbit and 3 of those were reported during the past year. 8,11,12 The onset of proptosis can be acute or gradual. 4 The process is most often painless, but acute presentations may be associated with some degree of discomfort. 12,13 Orbital IPEH will often distort surrounding structures and may cause a significant mass effect in some cases. Bone erosion is rare but has been described in the original case reported by Weber et al. 6 Compression of the supraorbital nerve has been reported in 1 case and resulted in persistent numbness despite surgical removal of the mass. 7 Only 2 cases presented as ours, with a significant decrease in vision (counting fingers) from compressive optic neuropathy. 9,11 Unfortunately, these patients did not recover vision postoperatively. Two other cases were associated with optic nerve edema, but without any impact on vision. 4,6 Intravascular papillary endothelial hyperplasia should be included in the differential diagnosis of any orbital lesion associated with compressive optic neuropathy. Surgical excision is required to confirm diagnosis and remains the mainstay of treatment. Our case is the first to highlight that complete surgical excision can lead to significant visual recovery in patients with compressive optic neuropathy.

Olfactory recovery following infection with COVID-19: A systematic review

“…The remaining 18 studies were conducted in other regions (a pie chart showing distribution is included in the supplementary data provided— S1 Fig ). 10 studies were conducted in Asia: Turkey (n = 5) [ 18 , 27 , 38 , 41 , 50 ], Iran (n = 2) [ 22 , 55 ], India (n = 2) [ 33 , 52 ], Israel (n = 1) [ 32 ]. Four studies were conducted in North America: United States (n = 4), [ 21 , 42 , 48 , 51 ].…”

“…Two studies were conducted in Africa: Egypt (n = 2) [ 34 , 49 ], and two in South America: Brazil (n = 1) [ 53 ], Chile (n = 1) [ 15 , 53 ]. Of the 44 studies, twenty-five (56.8%) reported no funding requirements for the project [ 16 , 18 , 19 , 22 , 27 – 30 , 32 , 33 , 39 , 40 , 42 – 47 , 49 – 51 , 53 , 58 ]; six (13.6%) studies reported funding for the project (sources included academic institutions, government and not-for-profit organizations) [ 15 , 24 , 25 , 31 , 48 , 57 ], and thirteen (29.5%) did not report whether funding was provided [ 17 , 21 , 23 , 26 , 37 , 38 , 52 , 54 – 56 , 58 , 59 ].…”

“…Although most of the patients recruited within studies were not hospitalized due to COVID-19 infection [ 17 , 21 – 26 , 28 , 30 – 32 , 35 , 36 , 41 – 43 , 45 , 47 – 49 , 51 , 54 , 56 , 60 ], some did include patients hospitalized either for monitoring purposes or quarantine [ 18 , 19 , 33 , 52 , 55 , 57 – 59 ]. Twelve studies included a mixture of hospitalized and non hospitalized patients [ 15 , 19 , 20 , 27 , 29 , 34 , 38 – 40 , 46 , 50 , 53 ]. The majority of studies did not report data on ethnicity.…”

“…Amongst the 44 included studies, as shown in the Tables 1 – 3 , we identified the following study designs: cohort (n = 12) [ 15 – 18 , 20 , 28 – 31 , 57 – 59 ], cross-sectional (n = 11) [ 21 , 32 – 36 , 38 – 42 ], case-controls (n = 5) [ 22 , 23 , 43 – 45 ], case series (n = 4) [ 24 , 46 – 48 ], and other miscellaneous study designs (n = 12) [ 49 – 52 , 54 – 56 ]. Nine of the 44 studies were retrospective and evaluated patients at only one time point [ 19 , 32 , 38 – 40 , 42 , 48 , 50 , 56 ]. In studies that prospectively evaluated olfactory dysfunction, the timing of such evaluations varied greatly.…”

Taste loss as a distinct symptom of COVID-19: A systematic review and meta-analysis

“…In total, 241 were included in the present systematic review and meta-analysis (Gamper et al, 2012; Liu et al, 2016; Adamczyk et al, 2020; Adedeji et al, 2020; Adorni et al, 2020; Aggarwal et al, 2020; Al-Ani and Acharya, 2020; Altin et al, 2020; Andrews et al, 2020; Anna et al, 2020; Asai et al, 2020; Bastiani et al, 2020; Beltran-Corbellini et al, 2020; Bergquist et al, 2020; Biadsee et al, 2020; Bidkar et al, 2020b; Boscolo-Rizzo et al, 2020a, 2020b, 2020c, 2021; Boudjema et al, 2020; Brandao Neto et al, 2020; Bulgurcu et al, 2020; Calica Utku et al, 2020; Carignan et al, 2020; Chary et al, 2020; Chen et al, 2020; Chiesa-Estomba et al, 2020; Cho et al, 2020; Chung et al, 2020; Cocco et al, 2020; Dawson et al, 2020; Dell’Era et al, 2020; De Maria et al, 2020; Durrani et al, 2020; Elimian et al, 2020; Farah Yusuf Mohamud et al, 2020; Fistera et al, 2020; Fontanet et al, 2020; Freni et al, 2020; Garg et al, 2020; Gelardi et al, 2020; Giacomelli et al, 2020; Gorzkowski et al, 2020; Gozen et al, 2020; GÜner et al, 2020; Gudbjartsson et al, 2020; Guillen Martinez et al, 2020; Haehner et al, 2020; Hintschich et al, 2020b; Horvath et al, 2020; Iversen et al, 2020; Izquierdo-Domínguez et al, 2020; Jain et al, 2020; Jalessi et al, 2020; Kacem et al, 2020; Karadas et al, 2020; Kempker et al, 2020; Kim et al, 2020; Klopfenstein et al, 2020; Konstantinidis et al, 2020; Krishnasamy et al, 2020; Kronborg et al, 2020; Kumar et al, 2020, 2021a, 2021b; Lagi et al, 2020; Lan et al, 2020; Lapostolle et al, 2020; …”