Assessment of Serum Myokines and Markers of Inflammation Associated with Exercise in Endurance Racing Sled Dogs

Abstract

Background: The endurance sled dog is the ultimate endurance athlete in which to examine the exercise-associated acute phase and myokine responses that might be related to changes in muscle metabolism and damage. An inciting cause for increased C-reactive protein has yet to be elucidated, which might involve interleukin-6 and other myokines.Objectives: To examine concentrations of interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-15 (IL-15), interleukin-8 (IL-8), and tumor necrosis factor-a (TNF-a), and markers of the inflammatory response of exercise; monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) and C-reactive protein (CRP) before, during, and after an endurance racing event.Animals: 26 sled dogs completing a 1650-km race.Methods: In a prospective study, cephalic venipuncture was performed before racing, at the midpoint, and after racing. Body weight and serum CRP, MCP-1, IL-15, IL-8, IL-6, and TNF-a concentrations were evaluated using enzyme-linked immunoabsorbance-based assays or a luminex multiplex assay.Results: There were no significant differences in concentrations of IL-6, IL-15, IL-8, or TNF-a at the 3 time points, whereas there were significant increases in MCP-1 (median and range-start: 86 pg/mL ; midpoint: 179 pg/mL ; finish: 180 pg/mL [21-1294]; P < .01) and CRP (median and range-start: 18 lg/mL ; midpoint: 76 lg/ mL ; finish: 60 lg/mL [12-170]; P < .01) at the midpoint and race finish. There was a significant linear relationship between MCP-1 and IL-6 (R = 0.68; P < .01).Conclusions and Clinical Significance: The inflammatory response to exercise increases as measured by MCP-1 during and after endurance exercise in sled dogs. IL-6 appears to be associated with MCP-1; however, the reasons for increases in the acute phase response (CRP) cannot be attributed to IL-6 or other myokines. IL-6 and MCP-1 concentrations might be useful in future investigations of exertional rhabdomyolysis.

Increasing body condition score is positively associated interleukin-6 and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 in Labrador retrievers

“…All data were examined to assess whether the lower limit of detection was reached. In the case that a lower limit of detection was not met, in an effort to avoid statistical bias, a value was placed on that missing data point as one half of the lower limit of detection (Yazwinski et al, 2013). As evidenced in previous similar studies, we expected the cytokine limit to be close to the level of detection in the lean weight subjects (Bastien et al, 2015).…”

Effect of exercise on serum markers of muscle inflammation in Spanish Greyhounds

“…Intense exercise causes increases in concentrations of proinflammatory cytokines (interleukin-1, interleukin-6, and tumor necrosis factor-α) in dogs, 44 and these cytokines stimulate hepatic synthesis of CRP. 17 Similarly, cytokines induce iron uptake by macrophages, inhibit iron release, and stimulate hepatic storage of iron in the form of ferritin.…”

The Effects of Different Dose of Exercise on Some Acute Phase Proteins and Lipid Profiles in Rats

“…Bu sitokinlerin düzeyleri kanda saptanabilmekte ve kasların kasılması sonucu ortaya çıkan bu olaya egzersize bağlı oluşan akut faz yanıt (AFY) adı verilmektedir. 6 AFY, pek çok doku hasarında ortaya çıkan, yangısal olaylardan dokuyu koruyan hızlı nonspesifik bir süreçtir. Bu reaksiyonlar esnasında akut faz proteinleri (AFP) olarak adlandırılan bir grup proteinin, sentez ya da yıkım hızlarının artması veya azalmasına bağlı olarak plazma düzeyleri anlamlı şekilde değişmektedir.…”

“…Atletlerde glukoz metabolizması ve akut inflamasyondan sorumlu olduğu bildirilmiştir. 6 IL-15 anabolik bir faktördür ve yağ asidi oksidasyonu için gereklidir. IL-8 ise bir şemokindir ve iskelet kasında lokal anjiyojenik bir faktördür.…”