Assessment of public charging infrastructure push and pull rollout strategies: The case of the Netherlands

Helmus, Jurjen; Spoelstra, Jop; Refa, Nazir; Lees, Michael; Hoed, Robert van den

doi:10.1016/j.enpol.2018.06.011

Cited by 57 publications

(33 citation statements)

References 25 publications

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“…They show a small peak in the morning and a larger peak in the afternoon. This pattern can be typically observed because many of these charging stations were placed on-demand [31]. These charging stations are mostly used by those that rely on on-street parking for home or office charging.…”

Section: Choice Experimentsmentioning

confidence: 96%

Electric Vehicle Fast Charging Needs in Cities and along Corridors

Wolbertus

Hoed

2019

WEVJ

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Fast charging is seen as a means to facilitate long-distance driving for electric vehicles (EVs). As a result, roll-out planning generally takes a corridor approach. However, with higher penetration of electric vehicles in urban areas, cities contemplate whether inner-city fast chargers can be an alternative for the growing amount of slow public chargers. For this purpose, more knowledge is required in motives and preferences of users and actual usage patterns of fast chargers. Similarly, with increasing charging speeds of fast chargers and different modes (taxi, car sharing) also switching to electric vehicles, the effect of charging speed should be evaluated as well as preferences amongst different user groups. This research investigates the different intentions and motivations of EV drivers at fast charging stations to see how charging behaviour at such stations differs using both data analysis from charging stations as a survey among EV drivers. Additionally, it estimates the willingness of EV drivers to use fast charging as a substitute for on-street home charging given higher charging speeds. The paper concludes that limited charging speeds imply that EV drivers prefer parking and charging over fast charging but this could change if battery developments allow higher charging speeds.

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Section: Choice Experimentsmentioning

confidence: 96%

Electric Vehicle Fast Charging Needs in Cities and along Corridors

Wolbertus

Hoed

2019

WEVJ

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“…No common approach is followed; different objective functions and variables are considered, but tend to be the following: charging costs, securing a minimal distance from a charger to a given point on a map, distance between chargers, relation to population density, or relation with fuel stations. The literature [20] compares rollout strategies in the Netherlands, demand driven or strategically driven. Demand driven charger installations are considered the ones placed on demand by EV users for home charging.…”

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confidence: 99%

Indicator-Based Methodology for Assessing EV Charging Infrastructure Using Exploratory Data Analysis

et al. 2018

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Electric vehicle (EV) charging infrastructure rollout is well under way in several power systems, namely North America, Japan, Europe, and China. In order to support EV charging infrastructures design and operation, little attempt has been made to develop indicator-based methods characterising such networks across different regions. This study defines an assessment methodology, composed by eight indicators, allowing a comparison among EV public charging infrastructures. The proposed indicators capture the following: energy demand from EVs, energy use intensity, charger's intensity distribution, the use time ratios, energy use ratios, the nearest neighbour distance between chargers and availability, the total service ratio, and the carbon intensity as an environmental impact indicator. We apply the methodology to a dataset from ElaadNL, a reference smart charging provider in The Netherlands, using open source geographic information system (GIS) and R software. The dataset reveals higher energy intensity in six urban areas and that 50% of energy supplied comes from 19.6% of chargers. Correlations of spatial density are strong and nearest neighbouring distances range from 1101 to 9462 m. Use time and energy use ratios are 11.21% and 3.56%. The average carbon intensity is 4.44 gCO 2eq /MJ. Finally, the indicators are used to assess the impact of relevant public policies on the EV charging infrastructure use and roll-out.Energies 2018, 11, 1869 2 of 18 incentives, and direct electric vehicle requirements. Charging infrastructure support to consumers is also a common characteristic of these markets.The main concerns addressed in the literature regarding the charging infrastructure deployment are related to cost, charging effectiveness, and ability to satisfy dynamic demand, as well as its overall environmental impact. According to the EAFO (European alternative fuels observatory) [3], the ratio of cars per charger vary widely from country to country, from 66 to 3.7 cars per charger in Iceland and Spain, respectively. Even though at first sight, factors such as the driven distance per year, and population size and density, do not change proportionally. There are no commonly accepted goals or standards for charging infrastructure density, either on a per-capita or per-vehicle basis. Different countries seem to follow different sizing and options for the public charging infrastructure development. This depends on many factors. There is no clear way to achieve an efficient deployment of EV charging infrastructure and the associated policy that will need to be addressed to help pave the way for electrification. A study on the emerging best practices for EV charging infrastructure [4] provides insights into the differences between present infrastructure roll outs. Using a multivariable regression of 350 metropolitan areas, the authors find that both level 2 and direct current (DC) charging are linked to EV acceptance, as are consumer purchase incentives. Yet the significant charging variability across hundreds of cities poin...

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“…With respect to the placement of public chargers, local governments until recently followed demand (i.e., a charger was placed when EV drivers expressed their need of one). Recently, local policy has shifted and municipalities now tend to monitor the usage per charger and proactively add chargers to their population with a focus on an even distribution across the municipality [12]. Proactive analysis of the impact of large numbers of EV-chargers on the transformers in place will help DSOs to provide advice on the actual placement of chargers and to plan their investments.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…We used the transformer data of the neighborhood as the input for the charging sessions. The choice for transformer data was made based on the knowledge that real-time transformer data are likely to become widely accessible in the near future [12,13], as opposed to cable measurements (which are not available) or smart meter readings (which are incomplete due to privacy regulations). These chargers are representative of public chargers from other companies, with usage representing a combination of work-, visit-, and home-charging.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Large Scale Smart Charging of Electric Vehicles in Practice

2020

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The energy system is changing due to a steady increase in electric vehicles on the demand side and local production (mostly through solar panels) on the production side. Both developments can put the energy grid under stress during certain timeframes, while there might be enough capacity on the grid most of the day. Smart charging of electric vehicles might be a solution to time dependent congestion. In this study, a smart charging strategy was developed and tested in large scale with 1000 public chargers, operated in the real word. We developed and tested protocols to temporarily limit the charger capacity based on the transformer data and the number of running sessions. Over 150,000 sessions were handled, of which almost half were influenced by the smart charging strategy applied. We found that we were able to keep within the grid limits by using these controls, without hindering the driver experience. Further improvements to the smart charging strategy can be made as soon as car manufacturers share information about the car battery such as the state of charge.

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Assessment of public charging infrastructure push and pull rollout strategies: The case of the Netherlands

Cited by 57 publications

References 25 publications

Electric Vehicle Fast Charging Needs in Cities and along Corridors

Electric Vehicle Fast Charging Needs in Cities and along Corridors

Indicator-Based Methodology for Assessing EV Charging Infrastructure Using Exploratory Data Analysis

Large Scale Smart Charging of Electric Vehicles in Practice

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