Large Scale Smart Charging of Electric Vehicles in Practice

Zweistra, Marisca; Janssen, Stan; Geerts, Frank

doi:10.3390/en13020298

Cited by 27 publications

(21 citation statements)

References 3 publications

(4 reference statements)

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“…In recent years a number of studies have presented early results of pilots where smart charging was applied in practice [10,23,24]. Overall these studies confirm the opportunities of smart charging to significantly reduce grid impact and indicate that smart charging can be applied on a majority of sessions while still allowing them to reach a full state of charge.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 71%

Impact of Smart Charging for Consumers in a Real World Pilot

Bons

Buatois

Ligthart

et al. 2020

WEVJ

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A smart charging profile was implemented on 39 public charging stations in Amsterdam on which the current level available for electric vehicle (EV) charging was limited during peak hours on the electricity grid (07:00-08:30 and 17:00-20:00) and was increased during the rest of the day. The impact of this profile was measured on three indicators: average charging power, amount of transferred energy and share of positively and negatively affected sessions. The results are distinguished for different categories of electric vehicles with different charging characteristics (number of phases and maximum current). The results depend heavily on this categorisation and are a realistic measurement of the impact of smart charging under real world conditions. The average charging power increased as a result of the new profile and a reduction in the amount of transferred energy was detected during the evening hours, causing outstanding demand which was solved at an accelerated rate after limitations were lifted. For the whole population, 4% of the sessions were positively affected (charged a larger volume of energy) and 5% were negatively affected. These numbers are dominated by the large share of plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs) in Amsterdam which are technically not able to profit from the higher current levels. For new generation electric vehicles, 14% of the sessions were positively affected and the percentage of negatively affected sessions was 5%.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 71%

Impact of Smart Charging for Consumers in a Real World Pilot

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Buatois

Ligthart

et al. 2020

WEVJ

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“…We adopted the common vulnerability scoring system (CVSS) methodology in order to semi-quantitatively assess the vulnerabilities between every pair of communicating sub-systems. To achieve this, we carried out an exhaustive literature review [7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18], which later helped us in considering well-justified assumptions. Using those assumptions, we assigned values to the different parameters of the three metric groups of the CVSS.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Communication Vulnerabilities in Electric Mobility HCP Systems: A Semi-Quantitative Analysis

Basmadjian

2021

Smart Cities

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An electric mobility ecosystem, which resembles a human-centred cyber physical (HCP) system, consists of several interacting sub-systems that constantly communicate with each other. Cyber-security of such systems is an important aspect as vulnerability of one sub-system propagates to the entire system, thus putting it into risk. Risk assessment requires modelling of threats and their impacts on the system. Due to lack of available information on all possible threats of a given system, it is generally more convenient to assess the level of vulnerabilities either qualitatively or semi-quantitatively. In this paper, we adopt the common vulnerability scoring system (CVSS) methodology in order to assess semi-quantitatively the vulnerabilities of the communication in electric mobility human-centred cyber physical systems. To this end, we present the most relevant sub-systems, their roles as well as exchanged information. Furthermore, we give the considered threats and corresponding security requirements. Using the CVSS methodology, we then conduct an analysis of vulnerabilities for every pair of communicating sub-systems. Among them, we show that the sub-systems between charging station operator (CSO) and electric vehicle supply equipment (charging box) as well as CSO and electric mobility service provider are the most vulnerable in the end-to-end chain of electric mobility. These results pave the way to system designers to assess the operational security risks, and hence to take the most adequate decisions, when implementing such electric mobility HCP systems.

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“…Adopting open protocols facilitated the deployment of charge stations from several different suppliers, who implemented OCPP on their charge stations ). In addition, while the control signal came from the distribution network operator, the adoption of open communication protocols would allow different entities in the future to control the charging, such as an energy supplier (Geerts 2018;Elaad 2019;Geerts et al 2019;Zweistra et al 2020).…”

Section: Advantages Of Open Communication Protocolsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mind the gap- open communication protocols for vehicle grid integration

Neaimeh

Andersen

2020

Energy Inform

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Mass adoption of battery electric vehicles (BEVs) and their associated charging requirements introduce new electricity demand, which needs to be managed to minimise electricity grid upgrades. Management of BEV charging requires coordination and communication between various mobility and energy entities. Communication protocols provide a set of rules and guidelines to facilitate the communication and data exchange between two or more entities to ensure successful charging demand management and electricity grid integration of BEVs. A key challenge is that companies are currently developing and implementing several proprietary protocols to manage BEV charging, which could risk losing or vastly under-utilising BEV charging demand flexibility, and consequently hindering proper grid integration. This work presents the status quo on communication protocols and standards for vehicle grid integration and it is targeted for industries and governments. The objectives of the work are to review current protocols, present some of the advantages of open protocols, identify challenges and additional efforts required to develop, implement, and standardise these protocols to ensure that charging infrastructure for electric vehicles is synergistic with the operation of the electricity system.

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Large Scale Smart Charging of Electric Vehicles in Practice

Cited by 27 publications

References 3 publications

Impact of Smart Charging for Consumers in a Real World Pilot

Impact of Smart Charging for Consumers in a Real World Pilot

Communication Vulnerabilities in Electric Mobility HCP Systems: A Semi-Quantitative Analysis

Mind the gap- open communication protocols for vehicle grid integration

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