Assessment of Plant Species Suitability in Green Walls Based on API, Heavy Metal Accumulation, and Particulate Matter Capture Capacity

Abstract

Today, one of the most pressing issues confronting the civilized and modern world is air pollution. Particulate matter (PM) is a well-known pollutant that contributes significantly to urban air pollution and has numerous short- and long-term adverse effects on human health. One method of reducing air pollution is to create green spaces, mainly green walls, as a short-term solution. The current study investigated the ability of nine plant species to reduce traffic-related PM using a green wall system installed along a busy road in Mashhad, Iran. The main aims were (1) estimate the tolerance level of plant species on green walls to air pollution using the Air pollution tolerance index (APTI); (2) assess the PM capture on the leaves of green wall species using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Energy Dispersive X-ray (EDX) analysis and accumulation of heavy metals using Inductively Coupled Plasma (ICP); (3) select the most tolerance species for reducing air pollution using Anticipated Performance Index (API). The plants' APTI values ranged from 5 to 12. The highest APTI value was found in Carpobrotus edulis and Rosmarinus officinalis, while Kochia Prostrata had the lowest. Among the APTI constituents, leaf water content (R2 = 0.29) and ascorbic acid (R2 = 0.33) had a positive effect on APTI. According to SEM analysis, many PM were adsorbed on the adaxial and abaxial leaf surfaces, as well as near the stomata of Lavandula angustifolia, C. edulis, Vinca minor, and Hylotelephium sp. Based on EDX analysis, carbon and oxygen formed the highest amount (more than 60%) of metals detected in the elemental composition of PM deposited on the leaves of all species. The Sedum reflexum had the highest Cr, Fe, Pb, and As accumulation. The concentrations of all heavy metals studied in green wall plants were higher than in the control sample. Furthermore, the C. edulis is the best plant for planting in industrial, urban areas of the city based on APTI, biological, economic, and social characteristics. It concludes that the use of green walls composed primarily of plants with small leaves can significantly adsorb PM and accumulation of heavy metal.

Current knowledge on genus Bassia All.: a comprehensive review on traditional use, phytochemistry, pharmacological activity, and nonmedical applications

“…Some of them did not produce the expected good results. An example is the use of B. prostrata for the construction of green walls near highways, reducing air pollution (Hozhabralsadat et al 2022) and the possibility of using B. scoparia oilseeds as a source for the production of biodiesel (Abideen et al 2015). However, it should be noted that the latter potential application is possible, but not profitable, because of the possibility of using other plants that are much more abundant in the oil.…”

“…Modern research also investigated the potential for new applications of plants from this genus (Abideen et al 2015;Athinarayanan et al 2018;Aihemaiti et al 2018;El-Katori and Al-Mhyawi 2019;Song et al 2021;Shi et al 2022;Hozhabralsadat et al 2022).…”

Evaluation of phenotypic variability of seedlings obtained from open pollination of three varieties of the genus Hylotelephium

“…Geum triflorum, Viola sagittata, Andropogon gerardii, Sporobolus airoides and, generally, plants with a succulent structure) (Hawke, 2015). Hozhabralsadat et al (2022) dealt with the current problem of urban air pollution, assessing the accumulation of heavy metals and dust particles. They found that plants of the genus Hylotelephium contained 81% relative water content and high adsorbance of dust particles.…”