Assessment of Periodontal Health Status among the Male Adult Population with a Dual Habit of Smoking and Gutkha Chewing: A Cross-Sectional Study

Abstract

Aims and Objective: The aim of this study was to assess the periodontal health status in subjects having dual habits of smoking and gutkha chewing among the male population of Kanpur City, Central Uttar Pradesh (UP). Materials and Methods: A total number of 500 male subjects were included, divided into three study groups: group I—164 subjects with a dual habit of smoking and gutkha chewing, group II— 170 gutkha chewers, and group III—166 smokers. Case history, clinical examination, and the following clinical parameters were recorded—oral hygiene index (OHI-S), gingival index (GI), bleeding index, clinical attachment loss (CAL), gingival recession, and furcation involvement. Result: In this study, the proportion of severe CAL was maximum in dual habit (78%) followed by smokers (70.5%) and then gutkha chewers (40.0%). A significant difference was observed in the proportion of CAL status between smokers, gutkha, and dual habit cases (P < 0.001). The result revealed that the dual habit group had more severe periodontal disease than smokers and gutkha chewers. Conclusion: Overall, it was concluded that periodontal health status was found to be very poor in both smokers and gutkha chewers, but the subjects in the dual habit group were found to have extremely poor periodontal health status.

The underlying relationship between exercise and the prevalence of periodontitis: a systematic review and meta-analysis

“…Substantial evidence suggests that interventions targeting lifestyle behaviors are effective, underscoring the importance of behavioral support in managing periodontitis [ 12 ]. Significant factors such as diet and smoking have been thoroughly investigated regarding their role in the risk of periodontal tissue decay [ 13 , 14 ]. Nevertheless, there is limited research on the potential role of exercise in preventing periodontitis.…”