Assessment of Oral Bacterial Profile and Antibiogram of Patients Attending Dental Clinic of a Private Tertiary Hospital in Ogun State, Nigeria

Abstract

Background: Oral and dental problem is common among many Nigerian populace. The human oral cavity is one of the most dynamic habitats for numerous bacterial species where they undergo intense interspecies competition to form multispecies biofilm structure. Aim: The present study was designed to assess the oral bacterial profile and antibiogram of Adult Patients receiving dental care at Babcock University Teaching Hospital (BUTH), Ilishan-Remo Ogun State. Methods: A total of 200 oral swab samples were collected from 200 consenting participants (100 males and 100 females). The oral swab samples were cultured on Blood agar, MacConkey agar and Mannitol salt agar and incubated at 37 o C. Gram staining, motility test and routine biochemical tests were done for the identification and characterization of the bacterial isolates. Antibiotic susceptibility testing was carried out using the disc diffusion method. Data obtained were analysed using SPSS Statistics software package (version 18.0). Results: The bacterial species isolated include: Streptococcus viridans, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Enterobacter spp, Streptococcus pyogenes, Enterococcus feacalis, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus, and Escherichia coli. Out of the 288 bacterial isolates obtained, 139 (65.5%) of the oral bacteria isolates were non-pathogenic in nature, while 69 (34.5%) were pathogenic. The pathogenic organism with the highest percentage occurrence was Enterobacter spp (37.7%), followed by Streptococcus pyogenes (24.6%), Enterococcus feacalis (19.7%), Klebsiella pneumoniae (9.8%), Staphylococcus aureus (4.9%) and the least being Escherichia coli (3.3%). Most of the Gram positive bacteria were sensitive to Augmentin, Sulbactomas, Cefroxime, Ciprofloxacin, Levofloxacin, Erythromycin and Azithromycin; while most of the Gram negative bacteria were sensitive to Augumentin, Cefotaxime, Nalidixic acid, Nitrofurantoin and Gentamycin. Conclusion: Pathogenic bacteria capable of causing oral and dental problems exist in the oral cavity of Patients receiving dental care at BUTH with varied antibiotic susceptibility patterns. The outcome of this study underscored the importance of routine oral/dental checks, adequate oral/dental care and treatment of oral infection with appropriate antibiotics.

Knowledge and Covid 19 Vaccine Uptake Among Elderly in Ogun State, Nigeria

“…Generally, the participants had low knowledge of the COVID 19 virus and vaccine. A similar finding was reported by Mohamed et al, in Malaysia and Enitan et al, in six geopolitical zones in Nigeria, where they reported poor knowledge about the COVID-19 vaccine (Mohamed et al, 2021;Enitan et al, 2020) However, this finding is at variance with the reports of Khaja et al, in Saudi Arabia, and Huynh et al, in Vietnam, where they reported adequate knowledge of COVID-19 Virus and vaccine among their participants (Khaja et al, 2021;Huynh et al, 2021) This difference in finding may be as a result of disparity in study location and population, also the effort of government and non-governmental agencies in the countries to ensure that the populace is well informed about COVID-19 virus.…”

“…Similar findings were reported in Malaysia, Saudi Arabia, and China (Mohamed et al, 2021;Elharake et al,2021;Bai et al, 2021). This finding contrasts with the finding of Enitan et al, in six geopolitical zones in Nigeria, where they reported that most of their participants were unwilling to accept the COVID-19 vaccine (Enitan et al, 2020). The differences in results may be because of differences in the study population.…”

Phenotypic Characterization and Antibiogram of Non-Oral Bacteria Isolates from Patients Attending Dental Clinic at Federal College of Dental Technology and Therapy Medical Center Enugu

“…The increased carriage could be accrued to the inability to maintain or adhere to proper oral hygiene due to poor oral health. These results were similar to the high prevalence documented data in Germany 72.2% and India 77% [25,26] but varied from the low carriage rate reported in Chile 17.6%, Brazil 31.2%, Latin-American 34.4% [27,28,29] and in two studies 26.6% and 34.5% in Jos and Ogun state Nigeria [20,21]. The reasons for these observed variations can be accrued to the differences in the socio-economic status of the studied population, geographical regions, sample size, and method employed for bacteria characterization.…”

“…The most frequent bacteria found in this study were Staphylococcus aureus 35(17.5%). But in contrast with other studies, this bacteria appear as the second most frequently found Grampositive cocci after Streptococci, especially species from the viridans group in Ogun State, Nigeria [21] and other Countries [25,34,35,36,37] but in line with the studies from two studies in Nigeria were 53.4%,14.2% [20,38] and a study in Poland 91.8% [30] Staphylococcus aureus predominant the Oral cavity. Earlier findings have also revealed that S. aureus was found at higher levels in the oral cavity and with greater prevalence, in periodontitis than in nonperiodontitis subjects [19,39] while Fritschi et al [40] found higher levels of S. aureus in aggressive than chronic periodontitis subjects.…”

“…Generally, data about the prevalence of antibiotic resistance on non-oral bacteria are difficult to find, particularly in countries where antibiotics are easily obtainable Over The Counter (OTC). Despite the untenable rate of antibiotic-resistant bacterial infections reported in dentistry in most published studies in Nigerian [4,6,20,21], there is a substantial gap in the surveillance of these non-oral bacteria in several Nigerian cities especially in Southeastern Nigeria where limited studies have been done on the prevalence of resistant oral and non-oral bacteria [4,6]. Hence, it worthwhile investigating the antibiotic resistance of non-oral bacteria that inhabit or colonizes the oral cavity among patients attending FCDTTEN to optimize treatment and decrease mortality rates.…”