Assessment of occupational exposure to pesticides applied in rice fields in developing countries: a critical review

Wong, Hie Ling; Brown, Colin D.

doi:10.1007/s13762-020-02834-6

Cited by 18 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 73 publications

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“…Harmful effects of potential pesticides on human health depend on their toxicity, exposure duration, frequency, route, and susceptibility of exposure. Exposure to pesticides is inducing a wide range of health difficulties like dizziness, respiratory disorders, chronic kidney diseases, eye and skin irritation, nausea, coughing, blurred vision (Wong and Brown, 2021). The risk of health hazards due to pesticide exposure depends not only on how harmful the chemicals are but also on how frequently and up to which extent a person is exposed to pesticides.…”

Section: Agricultural Aspects Are Facing the Great Challenge Of Provi...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Human health risk assessment of pesticides used for rice cultivation in an agricultural pockets of Eastern India

Bhoi

Mahananda

Pradhan

2022

Environmental Quality Mgmt

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Food consumption is one of the principal reasons of human exposures to pesticides. The research analyses the relation between pesticide contaminations and their possible adverse health impacts. Rice grain and soil samples were collected from seven blocks of Bargarh district, Odisha. Gas Chromatography‐Mass Spectrometry (GC/MS) was used for the analysis and characterization of various pesticides present in rice grain as well as in soil samples. The identified pesticide residues in rice grain samples were found to be in the sequence of ∑DDT > chlorpyrifos > chlorothalonil > vinclozolin > chlorthal‐dimethyl > endosulfan‐1 > lindane. Detected pesticide concentrations were found to exceed the Maximum Residue Limits (MRLs) set by the Codex Alimentarius International Food Standards with DDT having the highest concentration of 29.27 mg/kg (which is 292 times the MRLs) and lindane with the least concentration of 4.35 mg/kg (which is 435 times the MRLs). Estimated average daily intake (EADI) was found to be higher for DDT and lower for lindane. The Health Risk Index (HRI) for DDT was higher and lower for chlorothalonil in all the samples. Results of one‐way ANOVA reflected no significant differences in variance between the concentrations of pesticides in rice grain samples. Result showed that the residual levels of ∑DDT in soil ranged between 7.8 and 29.3 mg/kg which was the maximum concentration among all the pesticides. Lindane and chlorthal‐dimethyl showed the least concentration ranging between 1.2–4.2 and 1.6–4.1 mg/kg, respectively. DDT had the highest bioconcentration factor (BCF) ranging between 1 and 4. Lindane and endosulfan‐1 had the lowest BCF ranging between 1 and 2. BCF value of other pesticides were found between the range of 1 and 4. Bioconcentration factors of pesticides in rice and soil samples indicated that pesticides in soil could get accumulated in rice. It was observed that the health risk associated with the consumption of rice could be because of its contamination by the pesticides in the study area or of the biomagnification of pesticides from the soil. It is necessary to spreading the awareness regarding safer use, storage and disposal of pesticides should be given utmost importance at the moment as an attempt to reduce or eliminate the environmental contaminations caused by them. National authorities should enforce proper rules and regulations in order to monitor and control the vigorous use of chemical loaded pesticides in agriculture and various other fields. It would be even better to substitute the chemical pesticides with the organic component‐based Bio‐pesticides as a safer option for the mankind and its environment.

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Section: Agricultural Aspects Are Facing the Great Challenge Of Provi...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Human health risk assessment of pesticides used for rice cultivation in an agricultural pockets of Eastern India

Bhoi

Mahananda

Pradhan

2022

Environmental Quality Mgmt

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“…Rice (Oryza sativa) is a staple crop mainly cultivated in developing countries. Pesticides are often applied to protect yields and this is frequently done using knapsack or backpack sprayers, particularly in small-scale farms (Wong and Brown 2020). In conventional ooded rice systems, the crop is cultivated under inundated conditions with water depths maintained between 5 and 15 cm throughout the whole season (115-120 days average duration) (Bindraban et al 2006; Materu et al 2018;Biswas et al 2021).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In developing countries, most rice farms use manual labour and small machines which may result in a relatively large potential for exposure to pesticides compared to more automated systems with larger machinery (Norkaew et al 2021). Knapsack sprayers are commonly used in developing countries for pesticide applications (Wong and Brown 2020), leading to exposure levels that are generally higher than for mechanical spraying equipment like tractormounted booms and aerial sprays (Phung et al 2012). This is because individuals may walk through the elds by moving the wands or guns in a sweeping motion and thus may have intensive exposure to the pesticide spray plume (Bellinder et al 2002;Li et al 2019).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Occupational Exposure to Pesticides Applied Among Rice Growers in Malaysia

Wong

Garthwaite

Jais

et al. 2022

Preprint

Self Cite

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Occupational exposure of rice growers to pesticides can be assessed cost-effectively using mathematical exposure models. This study investigates rice growers’ exposure to pesticides due to the use of knapsack/backpack sprayers, a practice which is widespread in developing countries including Malaysia. Pesticide application information was collected from 23 rice growers during November 2020 – March 2021 using personal interviews and questionnaires. The information was used to predict total daily exposure to individual active substances via dermal and inhalation routes during mixing/loading and application activities using selected exposure models. The estimated exposures were assessed against the agricultural operator exposure levels (AOELs) for single active substances, where any exceedance indicates a potential risk to health. Across the rice growing season, the 23 rice growers had different application practices including total number of active substances applied on single spray days (1–8 compounds), total rice cultivation areas (0.6–3.8 ha), and total number of spraying days (3–13 days). Individuals had estimated average daily exposures to single active substances of 7.7x10− 2 – 1.2 mg kg-bw− 1 day− 1 (7.5x10− 2 – 1.1 and 1.7x10− 3 – 2.2x10− 1 mg kg-bw− 1 day− 1 during application and mixing/loading activities, respectively), where dermal exposure constituted 99.6–99.98% of the total exposure. Overall, 56% of all the applications reported by the 23 growers had exposure estimates that exceeded the AOEL, mainly due to the use of relatively toxic pesticides, products formulated as wettable powders, and growers neglecting to wear gloves whilst handling pesticides. All of these factors can be influenced by provision of training and information on selection of pesticide products and application practices. Study findings can be used to target efforts to minimise pesticide risks to health in developing countries.

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“…Bangladesh, a South Asian country, is the world's fourth largest rice producer, and one of the major goals of government is to achieve food security (Mullick and Das, 2020;Uddin and Dhar, 2018;Faisal and Parveen, 2004;NAP, 2018). Usually, production of rice is expected with higher yield in developing countries like Bangladesh (Wong and Brown, 2021;Bruinsma, 2009). Demand for rice among developing countries, Bangladesh is in the peak, to feed the growing population of this country (Rahman et al, 2018).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Exploring Farmers’ Attitudes Towards Yield Gap Minimization of Rice: A Case From Mymensingh District, Bangladesh

Hoque¹,

Podder²,

Rahman³

et al. 2022

Socio. econ. pol. stud.

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Farmers’ understanding of yield gap is necessary to increase rice yield and meet the rising demand for rice in Bangladesh. An investigation was conducted to explore the farmers’ attitudes towards yield gap minimization of rice in Muktagachha sub-district, Mymensingh District, Bangladesh. From February to April 2019, data was collected utilizing a structured interview schedule from 100 randomly selected rice growers. Descriptive statistics, rank order, coefficient of correlation, and multiple linear regression were used to examine the data. The findings revealed that almost all of the rice farmers had moderately (62.22%) to highly (37.78%) favourable attitudes towards yield gap minimization of rice in the investigation region. Among twenty attitudinal statements, ‘measurement of yield gap of rice is very easy for the farmers’ was identified as the most important one. The least ranked statement was ‘political problems act as a barrier to minimize rice yield gap’. According to the results of the correlation analysis, participation in organization, extension media interaction, training received, knowledge of adoption of HYV, and innovativeness were positively and significantly related with farmers’ attitudes towards yield gap minimization of rice. Results of regression analysis showed that organizational participation, extension media interaction, training received, knowledge of adoption of HYV, and innovativeness made significant contributions to favourable attitudes of the farmers towards yield gap minimization of rice. Expanding research, monitoring transfer of technology, providing simple access to extension agents, and developing farmers’ knowledge and skills through effective training could all help to close the rice yield gap.

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Assessment of occupational exposure to pesticides applied in rice fields in developing countries: a critical review

Cited by 18 publications

References 73 publications

Human health risk assessment of pesticides used for rice cultivation in an agricultural pockets of Eastern India

Human health risk assessment of pesticides used for rice cultivation in an agricultural pockets of Eastern India

Occupational Exposure to Pesticides Applied Among Rice Growers in Malaysia

Exploring Farmers’ Attitudes Towards Yield Gap Minimization of Rice: A Case From Mymensingh District, Bangladesh

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