Fish ball was prepared from the unwashed mince blend of 5 low-cost marine fishes (LMF) viz., red jewfish (Johnius argentatus), sea cat fish (Tachysurus thalassinus), jeweled shad (Ilisha filigera) horse mackeral (Megalaspis cordyla) and skipjack tuna (Sarda orientalis) of the Bay of Bengal. Six different blends composition from 5 individual minces of Low-cost Marine Fish (LMF) were prepared by blending 15 to 30% of the individuals minces. Fish ball was prepared from such mince blends by improving the textural strength of the products through different cooking process, ingredients and spices. Textural quality was determined in terms of softness/firmness (S/F) and chewiness/ rubburiness (C/R). Gel forming ability of the individual minces varied in great extent due to their compositional differences. Among the six blends tested, blend C with higher proportion of mince had come from red jewfish, sea cat fish and horse mackerel showed highest gel strength. In mince blend C, composition of red jewfish, sea cat fish, horse mackerel, jeweled shad and skipjack tuna were 30, 20, 20, 15 and 15%, respectively. Unwashed and washed individual minces and the mince blend C were incubated at different temperature regime from 35° to 55° and then cooked at 90° or 100°C. Among the different heating regimes, unwashed mince blend C showed the highest gel strength at 50°C for 1 hr incubation temperature. Further cooking of the incubated gel at 100°C optimally increased the gelling ability. The quality attributes of fish ball prepared under different cooking process (two-step heating, boiling, broiling and autoclaving) were analyzed. In two-step cooking, fish ball heated at 50°C for 30 minutes and further cooked at 100°C for 30 minute obtained a very good textured and nice mouth-felt fish ball. Texture and flavor of ball was affected by washing of mince but sensory qualities were unaffected.
The Department of Agricultural Extension (DAE) has a long history of providing extension services to Bangladesh's crop farmers. This study attempted to explore the extent of problems that crop farmers faced regarding acquiring the extension services provided by DAE. This study was conducted in three villages of Gauripur Upazila (sub-district) in Mymensingh district, Bangladesh. A face-to-face interview was conducted with 100 sampled farmers for the data collection on a pre-tested and structured interview schedule. The key variable, named as the extent of problems was measured using a 4-point rating scale. Both enter and step-wise regression models were employed on the data. Results indicated that half of the respondents faced a moderate level of problems while 40% faced a high level of problems. The extension workers' poor communication skill was the most critical issue, followed by insufficient resources and maintaining contact with resource-rich farmers as perceived by the respondents. Crop farmers' education, perceived economic return, the experience of participating in extension activities, training, and fatalism were significantly associated with the problems faced by them. Education, perceived economic return, the experience of participating in extension activities, and training were discovered to be essential determinants of the degree of problems related to extension services. The study identified several chances for the policymakers to address influential factors for improving crop extension services of DAE. Furthermore, improved coordination and providing crop farmers with need-based training and resources may help mitigate the identified issues.
Women first initiated agricultural practices and demonstrated the art of science of farming. Women played a key role in the conservation of basic support system. The main objective of this research was to determine the extent of participation in agricultural activities by the rural women in Madhupur forest areas. An attempt was made to explore the potentials factors that influence their participation in agricultural activities in Madhupur forest areas in Bangladesh. Data were collected from randomly selected 70 rural women by using a pre-tested structured interview schedule. The findings of the study showed that the highest proportion of the respondents (95.7%) had high level of participation in agricultural activities, where only 4.3% had medium and 1.4% had low level of participation. Among nine selected characteristics of the rural women, two of these namely years of schooling and family farm size did not show positive significant relationships with their extent of participation in agricultural activities. On the other hand, extension media contact and access to training on agriculture showed positive significant relationship with their extent of participation in agricultural activities. The findings of the study indicate that the respondents of the study area have no alternatives other than agricultural activities. Here, more than half of respondents (62.9%) motivated towards agricultural activities as they have no alternatives to do, where, 25.7 and 11.4% of them were self-motivated and enforced by other to practice agricultural activities, respectively. More training should be provided to the women farmers of the study areas and require more exposure to extension media which helps the people to become more conscious, rational decision maker and informative about agricultural activities. So the authority should implement adequate development program in the forest areas for the welfare of women farmers.
The study attempted to determine the effectiveness of DAE training courses conducted for improving block supervisors' agricultural extension skills. Data for this study were collected from 102 block supervisors using designed standard questionnaire. The result revealed that block supervisors perceived the evaluation of courses and attainment of course objectives as satisfactory level. The similar result was obtained in regard to course design and delivery, which indicated that trainers could effectively provide agricultural extension training to the block supervisors. The block supervisors, however, expressed poor perceptions towards the quality of training materials, transportation arrangement and refreshments. It is therefore, recommended that providing sufficient training materials, enough transportation facilities and refreshments should be a gradual process for improving the quality of agricultural extension training in Bangladesh.
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