Assessment of Microbial Quality of Chlorinated Drinking Tap Water and Susceptibility of Gram Negative Bacterial Isolates Towards Chlorine

Abstract

Sixty (56.1%) water samples crossed the permissible limit of WHO guideline value in heterotrophic plate count and total coliform count each. Ten different genera of gram negative bacteria were recovered in which E. coli was predominant followed by Citrobacter spp., Shigella spp., Enterobacter spp., Providencia spp., Klebsiella spp., Salmonella spp., Pseudomonas spp., Proteus spp. and Edwardsiella spp. Higher the temperature of water sample, higher the bacterial growth was obtained (p= 0.002), and similarly higher level of free residual chlorine in water reduced the bacterial growth (p= 0.037) whereas increase or decrease of pH (p= 0.454), turbidity (p= 0.164) and conductivity (p= 0.969) did not affect the microbial growth. A negative correlation (r= -0.162) between heterotrophic plate count and free residual chlorine was observed, however, without statistical significance (p= 0.096). Similarly, a negative correlation (r= -0.383) between total Coliform count and free residual chlorine was observed with statistical significance (p= 0.001). In chlorine assay, all tested eight genera of gram negative bacteria were found to be chlorine resistant at 0.2 mg/l for a contact time of 30 minutes. Average time required for T99.9 (3-log) and T99.99 (4-log) reduction of viable isolates from initial population of 2×106 cells/ml were found to be less than 30 minutes and greater than 60 minutes respectively. Log inactivation of various bacterial isolates with chlorine concentration of 0.2 mg/l for a contact time of 30 minutes were found to be ranged from 3 to 3.5-log. Emergence of chlorine resistant organisms in drinking water probably demands alternate disinfection or mitigation strategy. Nepal Journal of Science and Technology Vol. 13, No. 1 (2012) 173-178 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/njst.v13i1.7456

Microbial Community Structure and Diversity in Drinking Water Supply, Distribution Systems as Well as Household Point of Use Site in Addis Ababa City, Ethiopia

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Enterococci used as complementary indicator of fecal contamination to assess water quality from public schools in the city of Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil

“…According Bishankha et al (2013) bacteria developed chlorine resistance owing to structural modifications on the cell surface that can lead to increased microbial adhesion to surfaces or suspended particulate matter. Under these circumstances, the resistance of total coliforms to disinfectants may cause them inefficient regarding water quality assessments in schools.…”

Human Enteric Pathogens in Eight Rivers Used as Rural Household Drinking Water Sources in the Northern Region of South Africa

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