Assessment of lead toxicity in diverse irrigation regimes and potential health implications of agriculturally grown crops in Pakistan

Akhtar, Shahzad; Khan, Zafar Iqbal; Ahmad, Kafeel; Nadeem, Muhammad; Ejaz, Abid; Hussain, M. Iftikhar; Ashraf, Muhammad

doi:10.1016/j.agwat.2022.107743

Cited by 18 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 79 publications

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“…Finally, in the case of Pb, the same trend as that observed for the other two toxic metals (Al and Cd) was repeated; the highest concentration was found in vegetable soups, with a value of 0.12 mg/kg, followed by poultry soups (0.094 mg/kg) and meat soups (0.059 mg/kg). The explanation again is that the soil where plants and vegetables are grown [ 39 ], and the water used to irrigate these crops [ 40 ], is a natural and also an anthropogenic reservoir of lead, which means that this element reaches the vegetables from which this type of food is produced.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Toxic Metals (Al, Cd, and Pb) in Instant Soups: An Assessment of Dietary Intake

Niebla-Canelo

Gutiérrez

Rubio

et al. 2022

Foods

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Instant soups and noodles are one of the most widely consumed commercial food products. These products are made from ingredients of animal (chicken, meat) and/or vegetable origin, in addition to various food additives that prolong the shelf life of the product. It should be noted that instant soups are a dehydrated product, whose water-removal process can increase the accumulation of contaminants, such as toxic metals (Al, Cd, or Pb), that are harmful to the health of consumers. The content of toxic metals (Al, Cd, and Pb) in a total of 130 samples of instant soups of different types (poultry, meat, and vegetables) was determined by ICP-OES (inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectrometry). The Al content (32.28 ± 19.26), the Cd content (0.027 ± 0.016), and the Pb content (0.12 ± 0.13) in the vegetable soups were worth mentioning. Considering an intake of twenty grams (recommended by the manufacturer), the dietary intake of Al (19.56% of the TWI set at 1 mg/kg bw/week), the intake of Cd (6.59% of the TWI set at 2.5 µg/kg bw/week), and the Pb intake (16.18% of the BMDL set for nephrotoxic effects at 0.63 µg/kg bw/week and 6.84% of the BMDL set for cardiovascular effects at 1.50 µg/kg bw/week) in the population aged 3–10 years, instant soups are not recommended for the population aged 3–10 years, while their consumption does not pose a health risk for adults. However, it is necessary to consider the cooking water used in the preparation of these products, as it may increase exposure to these toxic metals, in addition to the rest of the diet.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Toxic Metals (Al, Cd, and Pb) in Instant Soups: An Assessment of Dietary Intake

Niebla-Canelo

Gutiérrez

Rubio

et al. 2022

Foods

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“…The sampling of soil was done by using the Rhue and Kidder [ 34 ] method, and vegetable sampling was done by using the techniques of Akhtar, Khan [ 35 ].…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Every sample had its metal content verified three times. All outcomes were in accordance with international standards [ 35 ]. The following quality standards were applied to ensure that the study’s findings were acceptable.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The pollution load index was calculated by Eq 2 [ 35 ]. where M is the metal content (mgkg -1 ), IS is the metal (mgkg -1 ) in the investigated soil where crops were grown, RS is the reference value of the metal in the soil, PLI 1 indicates that there was no heavy metal contamination, and PLI > 1 or equal to 1 indicates that there was a high level of pollutants and poor soil condition [ 35 ].…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…If the enrichment factor (EF) is <1, it means there was no enrichment, 1–2 means there was modest enrichment, 3–4 means moderate enrichment, 5–9 means moderate-severe enrichment, 10–24 means severe enrichment, 25–49 means extremely severe enrichment, and 50 or higher means extremely severe enrichment [ 35 ].…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Health risk implications of iron in wastewater soil-food crops grown in the vicinity of peri urban areas of the District Sargodha

Akhtar

Luqman²,

Awan³

et al. 2022

PLoS ONE

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Irrigation using sewage water can be beneficial, as it can increase the productivity of crops but has negative consequences on crops, soil contamination, and human health. It contains a variety of toxins, such as chemicals and heavy metals, which damage the soil and crops. In this regard, the aim of the research was to assess the potential health hazards of iron (Fe) metal in food crops (leafy and root crops) treated with wastewater (T_1), canal water (T_2), and tube well water (T_3). Water, soil, and edible components of food crops were collected at random from three distinct locations. Fe concentration in samples was estimated using atomic absorption spectrophotometer, following wet digestion method. The Fe concentrations, ranged from 0.408 to 1.03 mg/l in water, 31.55 to 187.47 mgkg-1 in soil and 4.09 to 32.583 mgkg-1 in crop samples; which were within permissible limits of the World Health Organization (WHO). There was a positive correlation between soils and crops. The bioconcentration factor, enrichment factor (EF), daily intake of metals (DIM), health risk index (HRI), and target hazard quotient (THQ) all values were <1, except for a pollution load index >1, which indicated soil contamination, but there was no Fe toxicity in crops, no health risk, and no-carcinogenic risk for these food crops in humans. To prevent the excessive accumulation of Fe metal in the food chain, regular monitoring is needed.

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