Assessment of hydrogen quality dispensed for hydrogen refuelling stations in Europe

Aarhaug, Thor Anders; Kjos, Ole Sigmund; Bacquart, Thomas; Valter, Vladimir; Optenhostert, Thomas

doi:10.1016/j.ijhydene.2020.11.163

Cited by 18 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 4 publications

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“…Only one ASTM method using GC-SCD with pre-concentrator (withdrawn in 2020) provided a limit of detection at picomol/mol for independent sulphur compounds [15]. Most analytical laboratories currently provide limit of detections close to 1 nmol/mol for sulphur analysis [16]. This limit of detection is compatible with the current ISO 14687:2019 threshold for total sulphur set at 4 nmol/mol.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 77%

“…No correlation was observed between the hydrogen feedstock and the level of total sulphur. This results at picomol/mol were compared with other relevant literature [15,16]. Smart Chemistry presented a value for total sulphur in the range of 4-16 nmol/mol for HRS samples in [15] and 10-130 nmol/mol for HRS samples [16] using method ASTM D7652 (withdrawn in 2020).…”

Section: Application To Hydrogen Fuel From Hydrogen Refuelling Stationsmentioning

confidence: 86%

“…This results at picomol/mol were compared with other relevant literature [15,16]. Smart Chemistry presented a value for total sulphur in the range of 4-16 nmol/mol for HRS samples in [15] and 10-130 nmol/mol for HRS samples [16] using method ASTM D7652 (withdrawn in 2020). This method used cryo-trapping and GC-SCD and achieved a better limit of detection.…”

Section: Application To Hydrogen Fuel From Hydrogen Refuelling Stationsmentioning

confidence: 86%

“…The samplings were performed using the H2 Qualitizer (HRS 5-6) and the HySaM system (HRS 1-4 and 7-11). The samplings were performed according to the methodology presented in the peer review article of Aarhaug et al [16]. The samplings were performed by NPL, SINTEF, and ZSW.…”

Section: Real Hydrogen Fuel Samples From Hydrogen Refuelling Stationmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Measuring Total Sulphur Amount Fraction at picomol/mol in Hydrogen Fuel: New Results from cryo-GC-SCD Analytical Method

et al. 2022

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Fuel cell electric vehicles are expanding quickly from light-duty to heavy-duty applications such as buses or trucks. Hydrogen fuel quality needs to comply with ISO14687:2019 to avoid any improper performance of the vehicles. Total sulphur is one of the most impactful contaminants to a fuel cell system and has a threshold of 4 nmol/mol. Most analytical methods provide a limit of detection (LOD) of 1 nmol/mol for total sulphur in hydrogen. Total sulphur is often not quantified and reported as below LOD due to lack of sensitivity. A new analytical method using cryo-focussing gas chromatography with sulphur chemiluminescence detector (cryo-GC-SCD) was developed for picomol/mol analysis of total sulphur. The method achieved linearity between 150–16,000 picomol/mol, validated against NPL reference materials, and relative expanded uncertainty of 21% (k = 2). Samples from 11 hydrogen refuelling stations (HRS) were analysed using this method. The total sulphur amount fraction for all the HRSs was more than 10 times lower than the actual ISO14687:2019 threshold with highest value around 290 picomol/mol. The study demonstrated that the cryo-GC-SCD method can measure total sulphur at picomol/mol in hydrogen fuel. Additionally, it provided the first results on sulphur compound stability in an aluminium gas cylinder for which further study is needed.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 77%

Section: Application To Hydrogen Fuel From Hydrogen Refuelling Stationsmentioning

confidence: 86%

Section: Application To Hydrogen Fuel From Hydrogen Refuelling Stationsmentioning

confidence: 86%

Section: Real Hydrogen Fuel Samples From Hydrogen Refuelling Stationmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Measuring Total Sulphur Amount Fraction at picomol/mol in Hydrogen Fuel: New Results from cryo-GC-SCD Analytical Method

et al. 2022

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“…Therefore, subsequent separation processes are required to recover CO from bulk effluent gases and syngas. In contrast, CO removal is necessary because it causes environmental problems such as global warming, ozone depletion, and acid rain as well as clinical problems such as preventing blood from carrying oxygen. , Furthermore, the CO concentration in H 2 must be less than 0.2 ppm to meet the ISO 14687:2019 standard and avoid poisoning of the catalyst (Pt or Pd) in proton-exchange-membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs). − …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Overview of Carbon Monoxide Adsorption Performance of Pristine and Modified Adsorbents

Kim

Cho

et al. 2022

J. Chem. Eng. Data

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Carbon monoxide (CO) is a key material in C1 chemistry for chemical production and CO2 reduction, whereas in applications, such as H2 for fuel cells, its concentration must be kept below 0.2 ppm. Adsorption technology is useful for both CO removal and production to provide environmental sustainability for the energy and chemical industries. In this review, the CO adsorption performances of various adsorbents, such as activated carbons, zeolites, metal–organic frameworks, activated alumina, mesoporous silicas, and their modified adsorbents, are collected, and their physical and chemical properties and CO selectivities are summarized. Cu+ impregnation is a powerful and widely used modification method to enhance the CO adsorption of adsorbents. Therefore, the preparation methods and their effects on CO adsorption are also compared and reviewed. The data and analysis in this review can provide insights for the development of novel adsorbents and processes for CO removal and production.

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Green Hydrogen from Biomass Through Gasification—A Carbon Negative Route for Hydrogen Production

Dasappa,

Shivapuji,

Stanislaus

2024

Green Energy and Technology

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Assessment of hydrogen quality dispensed for hydrogen refuelling stations in Europe

Cited by 18 publications

References 4 publications

Measuring Total Sulphur Amount Fraction at picomol/mol in Hydrogen Fuel: New Results from cryo-GC-SCD Analytical Method

Measuring Total Sulphur Amount Fraction at picomol/mol in Hydrogen Fuel: New Results from cryo-GC-SCD Analytical Method

Overview of Carbon Monoxide Adsorption Performance of Pristine and Modified Adsorbents

Green Hydrogen from Biomass Through Gasification—A Carbon Negative Route for Hydrogen Production

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