Assessment of Human Disc Degeneration and Proteoglycan Content Using T1ρ-weighted Magnetic Resonance Imaging

Johannessen, Wade; Auerbach, Joshua D.; Wheaton, Andrew J.; Kurji, Alykhan; Borthakur, Arijitt; Reddy, Ravinder; Elliott, Dawn M.

doi:10.1097/01.brs.0000217708.54880.51

Cited by 190 publications

(228 citation statements)

References 41 publications

(35 reference statements)

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“…T 1r studies in solution-state NMR have been reviewed extensively (166)(167)(168). There has been a considerable amount of work on biological tissues using T 1r -spectroscopy and imaging dealing with tumors, muscle, myocardium, blood flow and cartilage (26,165,(169)(170)(171)(172)(173)(174)(175)(176)(177)(178)(179).…”

Section: T 1r Mrimentioning

confidence: 99%

Sodium and T_1ρ MRI for molecular and diagnostic imaging of articular cartilage

et al. 2006

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In this article, both sodium magnetic resonance (MR) and T 1r relaxation mapping aimed at measuring molecular changes in cartilage for the diagnostic imaging of osteoarthritis are reviewed. First, an introduction to structure of cartilage, its degeneration in osteoarthritis (OA) and an outline of diagnostic imaging methods in quantifying molecular changes and early diagnostic aspects of cartilage degeneration are described. The sodium MRI section begins with a brief overview of the theory of sodium NMR of biological tissues and is followed by a section on multiple quantum filters that can be used to quantify both bi-exponential relaxation and residual quadrupolar interaction. Specifically, (i) the rationale behind the use of sodium MRI in quantifying proteoglycan (PG) changes, (ii) validation studies using biochemical assays, (iii) studies on human OA specimens, (iv) results on animal models and (v) clinical imaging protocols are reviewed. Results demonstrating the feasibility of quantifying PG in OA patients and comparison with that in healthy subjects are also presented. The section concludes with the discussion of advantages and potential issues with sodium MRI and the impact of new technological advancements (e.g. ultra-high field scanners and parallel imaging methods). In the theory section on T 1r , a brief description of (i) principles of measuring T 1r relaxation, (ii) pulse sequences for computing T 1r relaxation maps, (iii) issues regarding radio frequency power deposition, (iv) mechanisms that contribute to T 1r in biological tissues and (v) effects of exchange and dipolar interaction on T 1r dispersion are discussed. Correlation of T 1r relaxation rate with macromolecular content and biomechanical properties in cartilage specimens subjected to trypsin and cytokineinduced glycosaminoglycan depletion and validation against biochemical assay and histopathology are presented. Experimental T 1r data from osteoarthritic specimens, animal models, healthy human subjects and as well from osteoarthritic patients are provided. The current status of T 1r relaxation mapping of cartilage and future directions is also discussed. Copyright # 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. KEYWORDS: cartilage; arthritis; spin-lock; T1rho; sodium; MRI OSTEOARTHRITIS Osteoarthritis (OA) affects more than half of the population above the age of 65 (1,2) and has a significant negative impact on the quality of life of elderly individuals (3). The economic costs in the USA from OA have been estimated to be more than 1% of the gross domestic product (4). OA is now increasingly viewed as a metabolically active joint disorder of diverse etiologies. The biochemistry of the disease is characterized by the following changes in cartilage: reduced proteoglycan (PG) concentration, possible changes in the size of collagen fibril and aggregation of PG, increased water content and increased rate of synthesis and degradation of matrix macromolecules. The earliest changes in the cartilage due to OA result in a partial breakdown in the proteoglyc...

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Section: T 1r Mrimentioning

confidence: 99%

Sodium and T_1ρ MRI for molecular and diagnostic imaging of articular cartilage

et al. 2006

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“…Since the resolution was not optimal, diffusion was measured only for the central NP, and not the AF. The T 1 technique was applied as previously described (20). Briefly, a series of 2D singleslice T 1 -weighted images were acquired using a selfcompensating turbo-spin-echo sequence with the following parameters: FOV of 200 ϫ 100 mm; slice thickness of 5 mm; acquisition matrix of 256 ϫ 256 pixel; TE/TR of 3000/12 msec.…”

Section: Quantitative Mr Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The same steps were retraced to draw the regions of interest for the AF, in this case analysis of both the anterior and posterior AF was performed. T 1 , T 2 , MTR, and ADCs were calculated as described before (21,22), while T 1 was calculated as described previously (20).…”

Section: Quantitative Mr Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Correlation studies between MR parameters T 1 , T 2 , MT, and ADC have demonstrated that quantitative MRI reflects not only the NP matrix composition of the disc, but also the structural integrity of the NP matrix (17,18). Recently, the spin-lattice relaxation in the rotating frame, T 1 , which detects low-frequency physicochemical interactions between water and extracellular matrix molecules, has been shown to decrease with disc degeneration and to correlate with the NP proteoglycan content (20).…”

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Evaluation of quantitative magnetic resonance imaging, biochemical and mechanical properties of trypsin‐treated intervertebral discs under physiological compression loading

Mwale

Demers

Michalek

et al. 2008

Magnetic Resonance Imaging

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Purpose:To investigate the influence of targeted trypsin digestion and 16 hours compression loading on MR parameters and the mechanical and biochemical properties of bovine disc segments. Materials and Methods:Twenty-two 3-disc bovine coccygeal segments underwent compression loading for 16 hours after the nucleus pulposus (NP) of each disc was injected with a solution of trypsin or buffer. The properties of the NP and annulus fibrosus (AF) tissues of each disc were analyzed by quantitative MRI, biochemical tests, and confined compression tests. Results:Loading had a significant effect on the MR properties (T 1 , T 2 , T 1 , MTR, ADC) of both the NP and AF tissues. Loading had a greater effect on the MR parameters and biochemical composition of the NP than trypsin. In contrast, trypsin had a larger effect on the mechanical properties. Our data also indicated that localized trypsin injection predominantly affected the NP. T 1 was sensitive to loading and correlated with the water content of the NP and AF but not with their proteoglycan content. Conclusion:Our studies indicate that physiological loading is an important parameter to consider and that T 1 contributes new information in efforts to develop quantitative MRI as a noninvasive diagnostic tool to detect changes in early disc degeneration.

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“…Quantitative T 1r imaging has been used in cartilage (31)(32)(33)(34)(35)(36)(37)(38)(39)(40)(41) and is affected by the interaction between motionally restricted water molecules and their macromolecular environment such as the glycosaminoglycan content. The extracellular matrix in the intervertebral disc may potentially be investigated using these techniques.…”

Section: Mri Relaxation Time Measurementsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Magnetic resonance imaging and spectroscopy of the intervertebral disc

Majumdar

2006

NMR in Biomedicine

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Intervertebral disc disease is an emerging health concern and has a considerable negative effect on the economy and on society. MRI has a critical role in assessing the disc, but it is still a challenge to objectively correlate disc health and pain with images. In this paper, a review of MR disc imaging techniques including grading, relaxation time measurements, diffusion, and contrast perfusion is presented. In addition, high-resolution magic-angle spinning methods to correlate in vitro disc degeneration (with pain, etc) are discussed. With the potential for gaining morphological and biochemical information, MRI shows promise for quantitative assessment of disc health.

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Assessment of Human Disc Degeneration and Proteoglycan Content Using T1ρ-weighted Magnetic Resonance Imaging

Abstract: Results from this study suggest that T1rho may provide a tool for the diagnosis of early degenerative changes in the disc. T1rho-weighted MRI is a noninvasive technique that may provide higher dynamic range than T2 and does not require a high static field or exogenous contrast agents.

Cited by 190 publications

References 41 publications

Sodium and T_1ρ MRI for molecular and diagnostic imaging of articular cartilage

Sodium and T_1ρ MRI for molecular and diagnostic imaging of articular cartilage

Evaluation of quantitative magnetic resonance imaging, biochemical and mechanical properties of trypsin‐treated intervertebral discs under physiological compression loading

Magnetic resonance imaging and spectroscopy of the intervertebral disc

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Assessment of Human Disc Degeneration and Proteoglycan Content Using T1ρ-weighted Magnetic Resonance Imaging

Abstract: Results from this study suggest that T1rho may provide a tool for the diagnosis of early degenerative changes in the disc. T1rho-weighted MRI is a noninvasive technique that may provide higher dynamic range than T2 and does not require a high static field or exogenous contrast agents.

Cited by 190 publications

References 41 publications

Sodium and T1ρ MRI for molecular and diagnostic imaging of articular cartilage

Sodium and T1ρ MRI for molecular and diagnostic imaging of articular cartilage

Evaluation of quantitative magnetic resonance imaging, biochemical and mechanical properties of trypsin‐treated intervertebral discs under physiological compression loading

Magnetic resonance imaging and spectroscopy of the intervertebral disc

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Product

Resources

About

Sodium and T_1ρ MRI for molecular and diagnostic imaging of articular cartilage

Sodium and T_1ρ MRI for molecular and diagnostic imaging of articular cartilage