Assessment of heavy metals contamination and associated risks in shallow groundwater sources from three different residential areas within Ibadan metropolis, southwest Nigeria

Abstract

This study has been conducted to appraise the concentrations of selected heavy metals and total dissolved solids (TDSs) in the drinking water from shallow wells in parts of Ibadan metropolis, southwest Nigeria. Fifteen (15) water samples were collected from three representative residential locations [traditional core area (TCA), peri-urban area (PUA), and urban area (UA)] for geochemical analysis. Heavy metals and TDS were analyzed with the aid of atomic absorption spectrophotometer and calibrated meter, respectively. The mean concentration (mg/L) of Zn, Pb Mn, Fe, and Cd has been 3.930, 0.658, 0.0304, 1.698, and 0.501, respectively, and as a consequence, the order of abundance of studied metals was Zn > Fe > Pb > Cd > Mn. Concentrations of Zn, Fe, Pb, and Cd were higher than recommended standards in 60%, 86.7%, 100%, and 100% of groundwater samples, respectively. However, at all points tested, the mean concentrations of Mn and TDS in water samples lie within the safe limits set by World Health Organization. The evaluation of geoaccumulation index (Igeo), enrichment factor (EF), and contamination factor suggests that representative water samples were low-to-moderate contamination. The potential ecological risk index advocates low-to-moderate ecological risk in TCA and PUA, while it demonstrated exclusive “moderate” risk in UA. Further, the range of pollution load index (PLI) (0.55–1.32) in both TCA and PUA shows nil-to-moderate pollution status, while PLI values > 1 in UA indicate moderate contaminated state. The degree of contamination in groundwater showed the following trends: UA > TCA > PUA in the study area. Moreover, the results of EF and quantification of contamination of analyzed metals in water samples indicate geogenic and anthropogenic inputs. The contribution of studied metals to the incidence of non-cancer risk via oral intake within the residential sites follows the order: cadmium > lead > zinc > iron > manganese. The hazard index as a result of ingested heavy metals for the three population classes surpasses the acceptable range in the order of infant < child < adult. Cadmium and lead made considerable impact to the estimation of cancer risk in the study area for the three human population categories. Factor analysis extracted only one component that explained 94.64% of the entire variance, while cluster analysis identified three distinct groups based on similar water quality characteristics. Based on the findings of the study, awareness programs toward protecting the shallow groundwater sources should be launched, encouraged, and sustained. Moreover, the study suggests better hygienic practices and pre-treatment of contaminated water before consumption.

Cadmium geochemistry and groundwater pollution status evaluation using indexing and spatial analysis for Keffe community and Environs Sokoto Basin, North Western Nigeria

“…Cadmium pollution of soils and groundwater is a global phenomenon, that substantially affects the water quality, especially in Asia and Africa (Obasi and Akudinobi, 2014;Kubier and Pichler, 2019;Aithani, 2020). Several literatures that involved the studies of Cadmium and heavy metals pollution in groundwater includes the works of Jaishankar et al (2014), Arain et al (2015), Adekunle et al (2019), Egbueri and Unigwe (2019), Bansal (2020) Ganiyu et al (2021), Karunanidhi et al (2021), Hamidu (2021) and Parvin and Tareq (2021). Several studies have been conducted on groundwater quality and general hydrogeology of Sokoto basin, recent research works include that of Hamidu et al (2016).…”

Fuzzy-Based Human Health Risk Assessment for Shallow Groundwater Well Users in Arid Regions

“…The findings reporting a 'low' non-cancer risk through dermal exposure agree with the present study. Ganiyu et al [61] reported considerable oral cancer and non-cancer risks from Cd, lead, Zn, Fe, and Mn to infants, children, and adults from drinking shallow (up to 30 m deep) wells in the Southwest of Nigeria. The possibility of oral risk is higher in areas where TDS levels lie within the WHO guideline value of 500 mg/L [62].…”

Concerning Human Health Risks of Trace Elements Contamination in Groundwater Sources nearby the Arabian Sea, Malvan Coastal Area, India

“…Humans utilize water from several sources for a range of purposes, including domestic, agricultural, and industry. Each of the aforementioned applications, however, has its own specific water quality classification that affects its suitability (Ganiyu et al, 2021). In most third-world nations, subsurface water is the primary source of drinking water (Lutterodt et al 2018).…”

“…The presence of dissolved metals in drinking water beyond permitted levels may pose a threat to inhabitants in areas where there is extensive agricultural and metal-induced human activity (Wu et al 2019;Kumar et al 2021). The application of a variety of metal and environmental risk indices will provide a complete picture of the health hazards associated with HM intake through drinking water by the general public, allowing for a better understanding of the impacts of HMs on water resources (Ganiyu et al, 2021). As a consequence, regional-scale risk evaluations are frequently lacking, and data on the amount of trace contamination and the entire population at risk is scarce (Tornqvist, 2011).…”