Cadmium geochemistry and groundwater pollution status evaluation using indexing and spatial analysis for Keffe community and Environs Sokoto Basin, North Western Nigeria

Abstract

Representative groundwater samples were collected from the Kaffe community and environs to evaluate the concentrations and geochemical constraints for mobilizing cadmium (Cd) and selected heavy metals. Field-based in-situ measurements of physicochemical parameters were combined with Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer analysis of dissolved elemental concentrations. Pollution indices (i.e. heavy metal pollution index; HPI, heavy metal evaluation index; HEI, contamination degree; Cd, metal index; MI, synthetic pollution index; SPI, ecological risk index; ERI and Nemerow index; NI) evaluations highlighted the levels of heavy metals in the groundwater. Cadmium and iron (Fe) concentrations exceeded the recommended limits in 97% of the analysed samples, with an average pH of 6.3. Strong positive correlations were observed between cadmium and the computed pollution indices (p 0.774 to p 0.100), suggesting significant Cd pollution of the groundwater. Components analysis grouped Cd, Fe, and the pollution indices in the first PC. This was favourably compared to the correlation analysis result. Cluster analysis categorized Cd, Zn and pH in the first cluster consistent with the suggested dissolution and enrichment of Cd and Zn in the groundwater under similar geochemical conditions. The study area is medium and moderately polluted based on HPI, HEI, Cd, and NI.

Toward Decontamination in Coastal Regions: Groundwater Quality, Fluoride, Nitrate, and Human Health Risk Assessments within Multi-Aquifer Al-Hassa, Saudi Arabia

“…Conversely, EC (0.25% contribution), TDS (0.13% contribution), and (0.12% contribution) had the least impact on the overall water quality. In comparison with other studies that have utilized the SPI, this region has a less desired groundwater quality than reports in Hailun, China [67], Southern Nigeria [68] and Northwest Nigeria [69]. Nevertheless, the reports of this study are better than those of [17] in Al-Qatif, Saudi Arabia; [70] in Taluka Larkana, Pakistan; and [71] in Baiji Province, Iraq.…”

Toward Contamination in Coastal Regions for Groundwater Quality, Fluoride, Nitrate and Human Health Risk Assessments Within Multi-aquifer Al-Hassa, Saudi Arabia

“…Conversely, EC (0.25% contribution), TDS (0.13% contribution), and (0.12% contribution) had the least impact on the overall water quality. In comparison with other studies that have utilized the SPI, this region has a less desired groundwater quality than reports in Hailun, China [57], Southern Nigeria [58] and Northwest Nigeria [59]. Nevertheless, the reports of this study are better than those of [12 in Al-Qatif, Saudi Arabia; [60] in Taluka Larkana, Pakistan; and [61] in Baiji Province, Iraq.…”

Addressing Heavy Metal Pollution in Nigeria: Evaluating Policies, Assessing Impacts, and Enhancing Remediation Strategies

“…Oyeku and Eludoyin (2010) found elevated levels of Pd, Cu, Fe, and Co in groundwater samples from Ojota, Lagos state, posing risks to human and environmental health. Grema et al (2022) and (Hamidu et al, 2021) to open dumpsites and its potential environmental risk, finding high concentrations of heavy metals such as chromium, cadmium, lead, and iron in the groundwater near the dumpsite. assessed the health risk associated with exposure to heavy metals in hand-dug wells in Gombe State, Nigeria, finding concentrations generally low and within regulatory standards, ; .…”