Assessment of gastrointestinal permeability to small marker probes in the preruminant calf

Pardal, P. Branco; Lallès, JP; André, Fabrice; Delval, Eric; Toullec, R.

doi:10.1051/rnd:19950207

Cited by 15 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 23 publications

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“…Serum lactulose:d-mannitol ratios found herein are within the range of those reported by Branco Pardal et al (1995) but greater than those reported by Klein et al (2007Klein et al ( , 2008. Intestinal integrity can be estimated by the serum lactulose:d-mannitol ratio, which is based on the assumption that a normal villus may take up many small but few large molecules.…”

supporting

confidence: 78%

“…The principle of the test is based on the as-sumption that the monosaccharide d-mannitol passes the intestinal epithelia through small pores on the apical surface of enterocytes (transcellularly), whereas the disaccharide lactulose passes the epithelia through the tight junctions located between the epithelial cells (paracellularly). However, differently from previous studies that measured intestinal permeability of calves by quantifying d-mannitol and lactulose in urine (Branco Pardal et al, 1995;Klein et al, 2007Klein et al, , 2008, in the present study both saccharides were quantified in serum. Even though extracting blood is an invasive technique, in farm animals it is more practical than collecting urine.…”

Section: Intestinal Permeabilitymentioning

confidence: 76%

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Intestinal permeability and incidence of diarrhea in newborn calves

Araújo

Yunta

Terré

et al. 2015

Journal of Dairy Science

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Seventy-six newborn Holstein calves (44.4 ± 6.15 kg of body weight) were involved in this study from birth until 21 d of age. Within 2 h after birth, calves received 4 L of maternal colostrum via an esophageal tube. The following 3 meals consisted of 2 L of late colostrum (or transition milk). After that, calves were fed 1.5 L of milk replacer (22.9% CP, 20.1% fat) twice daily. Calves were considered diarrheic when they showed fecal scores ≥ 3 for 3 consecutive days. Then, data from a random subset of 30 calves (45.9 ± 5.47 kg of body weight), 15 that never had diarrhea and 15 that had diarrhea, were used to assess potential associations between intestinal permeability and incidence of diarrhea. On d 0, 7, 14, and 21 of life, intestinal permeability of calves was measured by dosing 2 markers (lactulose and d-mannitol) and assessing their concentration in serum by ultra-HPLC-mass spectrometry. Plasma IgG concentration was measured at birth and at 6 h, 24 h, and 12 d after first colostrum intake, and efficiency of IgG absorption was calculated. Plasma and colostrum IgG contents were determined by radial immunodiffusion and bacterial load in colostrum samples by colony counting. All diarrhea incidences occurred between 7 to 14 d of life. Overall colostrum quality was good, with an IgG content > 100mg/mL, but total bacterial load was slightly high (> 100,000 cfu/mL). However, there were no differences in these 2 parameters between colostrums consumed by calves that did and those that did not incur diarrhea later in life, and efficiency of IgG transfer from colostrum to bloodstream was similar for all calves. Diarrheic calves had greater serum lactulose concentrations than healthy calves throughout the first 21 d of life. Furthermore, diarrheic calves tended to have a greater serum lactulose-to-d-mannitol ratio from birth until 21 d of life compared with healthy calves. In conclusion, calves that incur diarrhea show an altered intestinal permeability within the first 2 h of life compared with those that do not suffer scours.

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supporting

confidence: 78%

Section: Intestinal Permeabilitymentioning

confidence: 76%

Intestinal permeability and incidence of diarrhea in newborn calves

Araújo

Yunta

Terré

et al. 2015

Journal of Dairy Science

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“…Recoveries of lactulose and d-mannitol as well as IP index found herein for the 6-h collection are in the range of those reported by Klein et al (2007Klein et al ( , 2008, but lower than those reported by Branco Pardal et al (1995;Table 4). For the 6-h collection period, calves in the current study had an IP index between 0.23 and 0.40.…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 65%

“…The solutions were mixed together with the morning CMR meal at 3 and 7 wk of age. Urine was quantitatively collected during 2 periods; 0 to 6 h and 6 to 24 h after marker administration according to Branco Pardal et al (1995). Urine was directly acidified to pH ≤2 with sulfuric acid to prevent microbial activity.…”

Section: Measurementsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hypertonic milk replacers increase gastrointestinal permeability in healthy dairy calves

Wilms¹,

Berends²,

Martín-Tereso³

2019

Journal of Dairy Science

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Hypertonic milk replacers are commonly used in animal production systems and their effect on the gastrointestinal system of young animals is insufficiently studied. Total lactose inclusion or its partial replacement with dextrose increases intestinal osmotic pressure, which may compromise gastrointestinal barrier function. In this experiment, we investigated the effect of increased osmolality of calf milk replacer (CMR) on gastrointestinal permeability in 30 Holstein Friesian (n = 17) or crossbred (n = 13) bull calves. The osmolality of CMR increased as result of a gradual replacement of lactose by monosaccharides (dextrose and galactose). Calves were acquired from dairy farms that followed a standardized protocol for colostrum management, including 3 feedings of colostrum in the first 24 h. Calves were then transported to the research facility between 0 and 3 d of age, fed a milk replacer with 0% dextrose twice daily for the first 2 wk of age, and subsequently exposed to their respective treatments from 3 until 7 wk of age. Meal size was 3.2 L at 3 wk of age and increased to 3.5 L at 7 wk of age. No solids were provided throughout the study and calves had ad libitum access to water. Treatments included 4 levels of dextrose inclusion (replacing lactose): 0% (L1, n = 5), 13.3% (L2, n = 5), 26.7% (L3, n = 5), and 40% (L4, n = 5) and an additional treatment (G+D, n = 10) that included 20% galactose and 20% dextrose and matched the galactose supply of L1 and the osmolality of L4. Carbohydrates were exchanged based on hexose equivalents. Across treatments, the estimated osmolality ranged from 439 (L1) to 611 mOsm/kg (L4 and G+D). Gastrointestinal permeability was assessed by fractional urinary recovery of indigestible markers (lactulose, d-mannitol, and Cr-EDTA) delivered as a single dose at 3 and 7 wk of age. Marker recoveries were expressed as percentage of oral dose and assessed in 6-h and 24-h quantitative urinary collections. Increasing the osmolality of the CMR linearly increased urinary Cr-EDTA and lactulose recoveries at 3 and 7 wk of age. Lactulose and Cr-EDTA recoveries did not differ between G+D and L4, suggesting that the source of monosaccharide (dextrose and galactose) in CMR had no effect on gastrointestinal permeability. The observed increase in gastrointestinal permeability to large molecules (Cr-EDTA and lactulose) with increased osmolality suggests that hypertonic CMR may compromise gastrointestinal barrier function.

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“…44 The D-xylose absorption test originally was introduced as a diagnostic procedure for malabsorption syndrome in humans. 45 The test has been applied in horses, 46 adult cattle, 26 suckling calves, [47][48][49][50][51][52][53][54][55][56] and adult sheep. 40,57 Like other sugars, D-xylose is absorbed by active and passive transport mechanisms in the duodenum and proximal jejunum, with marked species differences in the efficiency of absorption.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Use of the d-Xylose Absorption Test to Measure Abomasal Emptying Rate in Healthy Lactating Holstein-Friesian Cows and in Cows with Left Displaced Abomasum or Abomasal Volvulus

Wittek

Schreiber

Fürll

et al. 2005

Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine

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We determined the abomasal emptying rates of Holstein-Friesian cows at different stages of lactation, with left displaced abomasum (LDA), or immediately after surgical correction of LDA or abomasal volvulus (AV). D-xylose (0.5 g/kg body weight [BW], 50% solution) was injected into the abomasum in healthy cows (group 1, 4-7 days in milk [DIM], n ϭ 7; group 2, 90-120 DIM, n ϭ 7; group 3, Ͼ300 DIM, n ϭ 7) and in cows with LDA (n ϭ 10; group 4). D-xylose was injected into the abomasum during right flank laparotomy in cows with LDA (n ϭ 22; group 5) and cows with AV (n ϭ 15; group 6). The time to maximal serum Dxylose concentration was used as an index of emptying rate. The abomasal emptying rates for cows in groups 1, 2, and 3 were similar, whereas emptying was slower in cows with LDA and in cows after surgical correction of LDA or AV. The abomasal emptying rate of cows with LDA was slowed to a greater extent immediately after surgery, when compared to the rate obtained before surgery. There was no difference in abomasal emptying rate immediately after surgical correction between cows with LDA or AV. The results indicate that the increased incidence of LDA in the first month of lactation is not associated with an intrinsic decrease in abomasal emptying rate in healthy cows. Our findings also demonstrate that surgical correction further slows the emptying rate in cows with LDA.Key words: Abomasal displacement; Abomasal emptying; Abomasal volume; Abomasocentesis; Dairy cows. Abomasal displacement is an economically important disease of dairy cattle that has a multifactorial etiopathogenesis.1,2 Factors such as decreased food intake, dietary changes, endotoxemia, hypocalcemia, increased abomasal gas production, hyperglycemia, metabolic disorders, husbandry and cow comfort, sex, age, mechanical and hydrostatic changes within the abdomen, and weather conditions are believed to act as predisposing factors for the development of left displaced abomasum (LDA) or abomasal volvulus (AV).1,3-11 Abomasal hypomotility currently is believed to be a prerequisite for development of LDA or AV, 1,4,13 and abomasal hypomotility results in a decrease in abomasal emptying rate.The objectives of this study were to determine the abomasal emptying rates in healthy dairy cows at different stages of lactation and to compare these rates to those in cows with LDA and in cows immediately after surgical correction of LDA or AV. Our first hypothesis was that dairy cows have a slower rate of abomasal emptying in early lactation, when the risk of LDA is greatest.1 The rationale for this hypothesis is that the rate of emptying of liquids increases directly with the luminal pressure [14][15][16] and that abomasal luminal pressure varies directly with hydrostatic pressure within the forestomach because abomasal contents are 95-97% fluids and are contiguous with reticulo-ruminal contents. 17,18 Because the reticulo-ruminal volume (and therefore hydrostatic pressure) is markedly decreased in late gestation and the first 2 weeks of lactation in dairy cat...

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Assessment of gastrointestinal permeability to small marker probes in the preruminant calf

Cited by 15 publications

References 23 publications

Intestinal permeability and incidence of diarrhea in newborn calves

Intestinal permeability and incidence of diarrhea in newborn calves

Hypertonic milk replacers increase gastrointestinal permeability in healthy dairy calves

Use of the d-Xylose Absorption Test to Measure Abomasal Emptying Rate in Healthy Lactating Holstein-Friesian Cows and in Cows with Left Displaced Abomasum or Abomasal Volvulus

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