Use of the d-Xylose Absorption Test to Measure Abomasal Emptying Rate in Healthy Lactating Holstein-Friesian Cows and in Cows with Left Displaced Abomasum or Abomasal Volvulus

Wittek, Thomas; Schreiber, Katja; Fürll, M.; Constable, Peter D.

doi:10.1111/j.1939-1676.2005.tb02786.x

Cited by 23 publications

(36 citation statements)

References 62 publications

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“…The transit time through the stomach of a liquid-fed mouse can be estimated to be 15 min (26). Thus, the acid exposure conditions used in this work were milder than the acid stress conditions experienced by Brucella during passage through the stomach of a healthy human, which include a pH of less than 3 and a gastric transit time of 2 h (11), or through the abomasum of a ruminant (41). This difference reinforces the importance of urease in the establishment of Brucella alimentary infections in humans.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Characterization of the Urease Operon of Brucella abortus and Assessment of Its Role in Virulence of the Bacterium

et al. 2007

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Most members of the genus Brucella show strong urease activity. However, the role of this enzyme in the pathogenesis of Brucella infections is poorly understood. We isolated several Tn5 insertion mutants deficient in urease activity from Brucella abortus strain 2308. The mutations of most of these mutants mapped to a 5.7-kbp DNA region essential for urease activity. Sequencing of this region, designated ure1, revealed the presence of seven open reading frames corresponding to the urease structural proteins (UreA, UreB, and UreC) and the accessory proteins (UreD, UreE, UreF, and UreG). In addition to the urease genes, another gene (cobT) was identified, and inactivation of this gene affected urease activity in Brucella. Subsequent analysis of the previously described sequences of the genomes of Brucella spp. revealed the presence of a second urease cluster, ure2, in all them. The ure2 locus was apparently inactive in B. abortus 2308. Urease-deficient mutants were used to evaluate the role of urease in Brucella pathogenesis. The urease-producing strains were found to be resistant in vitro to strong acid conditions in the presence of urea, while urease-negative mutants were susceptible to acid treatment. Similarly, the urease-negative mutants were killed more efficiently than the urease-producing strains during transit through the stomach. These results suggested that urease protects brucellae during their passage through the stomach when the bacteria are acquired by the oral route, which is the major route of infection in human brucellosis.Brucellosis is the most common zoonosis in humans. Transmission of this disease occurs mainly by inhalation of infected aerosols, by animal contact, and by conjunctival and gastrointestinal routes. The gastrointestinal route is the most common portal of entry of Brucella in humans through ingestion of raw milk or its products and raw liver or meat (8). Transmission of Brucella melitensis, B. abortus, B. suis, and B. canis in animals also occurs by ingestion of contaminated abortions, discharge materials, or contaminated pasture plants. In contrast, gastrointestinal transmission is not important under natural conditions for B. ovis, where the sexual route seems to be the most probable route of infection (21). Most isolates of B. ovis are urease negative (10).Urease is a multisubunit, nickel-containing enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of urea, yielding ammonia and carbon dioxide. The released ammonia is used by many bacteria as a source of nitrogen, and even for the generation of ATP from a strong ammonia gradient in the case of Ureaplasma urealyticum (38). Moreover, urease is a virulence factor for several human pathogens, and it plays a major role in both urinary and gastrointestinal tract infections, although through different mechanisms (9). In urinary tract infections caused by Proteus mirabilis, urease promotes direct toxicity to renal epithelium cells and kidney stone formation (16,24). In gastrointestinal tract infections, urease allows Helicobacter pylori colonization...

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Characterization of the Urease Operon of Brucella abortus and Assessment of Its Role in Virulence of the Bacterium

et al. 2007

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“…Latter methods (Janowitz 1998;Barisani 2004;Christiansen 2004) are considered to be minimally invasive and safe methods for practice (Sattler and Wittek 2011). From the literature it is known that cows with LAD have a reduced abomasal emptying rate which further decreases immediately after surgical correction (Wittek et al 2005). In a study by Wittek et al (2008a), abomasal emptying rate (D-xylose absorption test, pharmokokinetic T max model; group Emy vs control group: T max = 164 ± 64 min vs T max = 276 ± 72 min, P < 0.001), relative milk yield (baseline level at Day 0: group Emy vs control group: 7.5 ± 3.2 kg vs 8.9 ± 4.5 kg, P > 0.05; Day 1: 175 vs 125% of Day 0, P < 0.001; Day 2: 170 vs 125% of Day 0, P < 0.001) and RCR (group Emy vs control group, Day 1: 3.1 vs 1.9 contractions per 3 min) were increased significantly after reposition of LAD using laparotomy and omentopexy by a preoperative erythromycin administration using the same dosage as in our study.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Therefore, in the present field trial we investigated whether positive effects on clinically easily measurable parameters (milk yield, BHB, RCR) after laparoscopic abomasopexy can be achieved with an erythromycin treatment. Since the duration of postoperative abomasal hypomotility is unknown (Wittek et al 2005), erythromycin was applied three times at intervals of 24 h in the Emy3 study group. In human medicine, low doses of this drug are administered repeatedly to increase gastric emptying in patients with gastroparesis and, thus, to facilitate a sustained clinical benefit (Dhir and Richter 2004).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The abomasal emptying rate is reduced in cows with LAD in the pre-and postoperative period (Wittek et al 2005). Erythromycin, a motilin receptor agonist (Ungemach 2010), is considered as the most effective prokinetic drug at the abomasum in both calves (Afshari et al 2009) and adult cattle (Wittek et al 2008a;Wittek et al 2008b;Wittek 2010;Constable et al 2012;Sanger et al 2013).…”

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confidence: 99%

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Effects of erythromycin on milk yield, rumen contraction rate and blood beta-hydroxybutyrate concentration in dairy cows after laparoscopic reposition of the left displaced abomasum

Freick¹,

Weber²,

Passarge³

et al. 2016

Vet. Med. - Czech

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ABSTRACT:The objective of this study was to evaluate the beneficial effects of erythromycin (Emy), a prokinetic drug active at the level of the abomasum, duodenum and proximal duodenum, in dairy cows undergoing a laparoscopic repositioning of left abomasal displacement (LAD). A total of 71 German Holstein cows were randomly assigned into three groups. Cows of the group Emy1 received erythromycin once preoperatively (10 mg/kg; intramuscularly). Animals of the group Emy3 were additionally treated twice after surgery at intervals of 24 h each (10 mg/kg; intramuscularly), while cows in the control group did not receive erythromycin. The milk yield of the patients was documented on Days 0, 1, 2, 3, 6 and 10 and the rumen contraction rate (RCR) was determined on Days 1 and 3. Additionally, the measurement of the concentration of beta-hydroxybutyrate (BHB) in whole blood samples was performed on Days 0, 1 and 3. Significant differences between the study groups regarding the cure rates, milk yield (in relation to Day 0); BHB concentrations and RCR could not be determined on the observation dates. With respect to a prudent use of antibiotics in livestock, the application of erythromycin as a prokinetic drug cannot be recommended for the present in cows undergoing a laparoscopic correction of LAD.Keywords: cattle; dislocatio abomasi; endoscopy; prokinetic drugs; gastrointestinal mobility List of abbreviations BHB = beta-hydroxybutyrate; DIM = days in milk; Emy = erythromycin; GIT = gastro-intestinal tract; LAD = left abomasal displacement; NSAID = non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; RCR = rumen contraction rate

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“…Als Marker für die Magenentleerung wurde die maximal resorbierte Xylose im Serum herangezogen. D-Xylose ist eine pflanzliche Pentose, die beim Säuger im nüchternen Zustand im Blut nicht oder nur in Spuren vorhanden ist und im Duodenum und proximalen Jejunum resorbiert wird (Wittek et al 2005, Schreiber 2006 (Dörner und KrusesJarras 1992). Werden zwei und zehn Liter Wasser als Kontrolle herangezogen, so hat isotone Natriumsulfatlösung keine Verzögerung der Magenentleerung zur Folge.…”

Section: Diskussionunclassified

Laxative effect of gastric emptying in normal horses

Spallek¹,

Meister²,

Schusser³

2007

PHK

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Use of the d-Xylose Absorption Test to Measure Abomasal Emptying Rate in Healthy Lactating Holstein-Friesian Cows and in Cows with Left Displaced Abomasum or Abomasal Volvulus

Cited by 23 publications

References 62 publications

Characterization of the Urease Operon of Brucella abortus and Assessment of Its Role in Virulence of the Bacterium

Characterization of the Urease Operon of Brucella abortus and Assessment of Its Role in Virulence of the Bacterium

Effects of erythromycin on milk yield, rumen contraction rate and blood beta-hydroxybutyrate concentration in dairy cows after laparoscopic reposition of the left displaced abomasum

Laxative effect of gastric emptying in normal horses

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