Assessment of fine particulate matters in the subway system of Istanbul

Onat, Burcu; Stakeeva, Baktygul

doi:10.1177/1420326x12464507

Cited by 26 publications

(31 citation statements)

References 29 publications

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“…These transport types are of concerned for their risk of droplet transmission of infectious diseases. As in other studies; we observed that the PM2.5 concentrations experienced by commuters are much higher than concentrations measured at fixed monitoring stations [6,7,11]. In the previous study carried out in Avcılar-Istanbul, the daily average PM 2.5 concentration was determined as 39 µg/m3 at the fixed monitoring station [12].…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 58%

“…Home to 16 million, Istanbul is Turkey's most populous city. Its' traffic is very congested, with registered vehicles numbering around 3.5 million [7]. The study area is located in Istanbul's European side between the districts of Avcılar and Bakırköy, which include dense commercial and residential areas.…”

Section: A Study Domainmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Time activity pattern studies show that time spent in-transit constitutes roughly 5-10% of the day in cities and roughly 0.8-10% of the day in developing countries [2,3]. The air pollutant concentrations encountered by commuters are much higher than the concentrations measured at background fixed monitoring stations [4,5,6,7]. Recently, exposure to air pollutants inside motor vehicles has become a subject meriting consideration [8,9,10].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Respirable Particle Counts and Concentrations in Public Transportation in Istanbul Turkey

Onat¹,

Alver²

2015

Third International Conference on Advances in Bio-Informatics and Environmental Engineering - ICABEE 2015

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This study aims to determine the in-vehicle and outdoor fine particle (PM 2.5) concentration and particle number concentration (PNC) for six size ranges (0.3-0.5 µm, >0.5-1.0 µm, >1.0-3.0 µm, >3.0-5.0 µm, >5.0-10 µm, and >10 µm). The measurement campaign was conducted in the morning and evening onboard the Metrobus, red-bus and outdoors. PM 2.5 concentration in the Metrobus and red bus were observed as 58.8±10.2 µg/m3 and 76.2±30.9 µg/m3 respectively, and the outdoor value was about 2 times more. For both types of public transportation, the ratio of the amount of internal environment PM and the amount of external environment PM displayed a high level of correlation (redbus/outdoors, R=0.97; Metrobus/outdoors, R=0.88) with the PM size. The number of commuters, vehicle ventilation type and outdoor air entering the vehicles probably caused the differences in in-vehicle particle concentrations.

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Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 58%

Section: A Study Domainmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Respirable Particle Counts and Concentrations in Public Transportation in Istanbul Turkey

Onat¹,

Alver²

2015

Third International Conference on Advances in Bio-Informatics and Environmental Engineering - ICABEE 2015

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“…Despite the lowest concentrations of PM in overhead carriages, there are still some cities where air quality exceeds standards. For example, studies found that PM 2.5 concentrations in ground train compartments reached 67 µg/m 3 in Istanbul [46].…”

Section: Driving Factors Of Subway Particulate Matter (Pms) Variationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Current Status, Challenges and Resilient Response to Air Pollution in Urban Subway

Zhang

Zhao

Zhao³

et al. 2019

Atmosphere

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Subway air pollution mainly refers to inhalable particulate matter (PM) pollution, organic pollution, and microbial pollution. Based on the investigation and calculation of the existing researches, this paper summarizes the sources of air pollutants, chemical compositions, and driving factors of PM variations in subway. It evaluates the toxicity and health risks of pollutants. In this paper, the problems and challenges during the deployment of air pollution governance are discussed. Results show that the global PM compliance rate of subway is about 30%. Subway air pollution is endogenous, which means that pollutants mainly come from mechanical wear and building materials erosions. Particles are mainly metal particles, black carbon, and floating dust. The health risks of some chemical elements in the subway have reached critical levels. The variations of PM concentrations show spatial-temporal characteristics, which are mainly controlled by train age, brakes types, and environmental control systems. The authors then analyze the dynamics of interactions among government, companies and public during the air pollution governance by adding the following questions: (a) who pays the bill; (b) how to evaluate the cost-effectiveness of policies; (c) how the public moves from risk perception to actions; (d) how to develop clean air technology better so as to ultimately incentivize stakeholders and to facilitate the implementation of subway clean air programme in a resilient mode.

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“…Fast ferry and car ferry are preferred on the routes that require long travelling time, because they offer more comfort and shorter commuting time in comparison to road transport. Several studies were carried out to determine the concentration of PM 10 , PM 2.5, and particle number in road transport vehicles [29,30] and in the subway [31,32] in Istanbul. This is the first comprehensive study conducted on personal exposure in marine transport where also the relationships between air pollutants and environmental factors are presented.…”

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confidence: 99%

Commuter Exposure to Black Carbon, Fine Particulate Matter and Particle Number Concentration in Ferry and at the Pier in Istanbul

et al. 2019

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This paper presents measurements and analyses of the concentrations of black carbon (BC), particle number concentration (PNC), and PM 2.5 (≤2.5 µm) while commuting by ferries in Istanbul. In this context, exposures to the mentioned pollutants were estimated for car ferry, fast ferry, and at the piers, and for two travel routes, for a total of 89 trips. BC, PNC, and PM 2.5 measurements were simultaneously performed in a ferry and at the piers, and the correlation between pollutant concentrations, meteorological parameters, and environmental factors were analyzed. The mean concentrations for all pollutants in car ferry were lower than the average concentrations in fast ferry. The concentration ratios of fast ferry to car ferry for BC, PNC, and PM 2.5 were 6.4, 1.2, and 1.3, respectively. High variability in the concentrations was observed at the piers and in ferry during berthing. The highest mean concentrations (±standard deviation) of BC (14.3 ± 10.1 µg m −3 ) and PNC (42,005 ± 30,899 pt cm −3 ) were measured at Yalova pier. The highest mean concentration (±standard deviation) of PM 2.5 (26.1 ± 11.5) was measured at Bostancı pier. It was observed that the main external sources of BC, PNC, and PM 2.5 at the piers were road transport, residential heating, and shipping activity. There were no significant correlations between BC, PNC, and PM 2.5 in fast ferry, while BC was positively correlated with PNC (r = 0.61, p < 0.01) and PM 2.5 (r = 0.76, p < 0.01) in car ferry. At the piers, significant relations between pollutants and meteorological variables were observed. It was noticed that there was no significant difference between summer and winter in ferry and at the pier concentrations of BC, PNC, and PM 2.5 except for Yenikapı pier and Bakırköy pier. The highest total exposure to PNC and PM 2.5 was in car ferry mode, while the highest total exposure to BC was in fast ferry mode.Atmosphere 2019, 10, 439 2 of 16 no sufficient data nor detailed information available on commuter exposure in ferry and at the piers. Most of marine air quality studies are about the determination of emissions from ships. Only a few studies were conducted in ferry. Lau and Chan [4] investigated the volatile organic compound VOC levels in ferry, road transport, and railway, and they revealed that the exposure levels in ferry were the lowest. Chan et al. [5] collected PM 10 samples in ferry in Hong Kong, they found PM 10 levels in ferries were higher than the air-conditioned roadway transport.Particles with an aerodynamic diameter smaller than 0.1 µm are defined as ultrafine particles (UFP) [6]. UFP contribute to 90% of particle number concentration (PNC) in urban areas and the major source of UFP is combustion engines [7,8]. Due to the small size of the UFP, it easily causes adverse effects on respiratory and cardiovascular systems [9]. Black carbon (BC), a component of fine particle (PM 2.5 ) [10], causes respiratory diseases including lung cancer [11], and is also considered as the second most major pollutant affecting climate change after ...

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Assessment of fine particulate matters in the subway system of Istanbul

Cited by 26 publications

References 29 publications

Respirable Particle Counts and Concentrations in Public Transportation in Istanbul Turkey

Respirable Particle Counts and Concentrations in Public Transportation in Istanbul Turkey

Current Status, Challenges and Resilient Response to Air Pollution in Urban Subway

Commuter Exposure to Black Carbon, Fine Particulate Matter and Particle Number Concentration in Ferry and at the Pier in Istanbul

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