Assessment of electrolytes, markers of glycaemic control and renal dysfunction among adult Nigerians recently diagnosed with type 2 diabetes mellitus

Abstract

Background: Diabetes mellitus is a chronic and progressive endocrine disorder that may result in macro and microvascular complications.
 Objective: This study assessed some biochemical analytes in Nigerians who were recently (≤ 6 months) diagnosed with Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM).
 Methods: 160 T2DM and 90 non-diabetic control participated in this study. Blood samples were collected and analyzed for Heart-type fatty acid-binding protein (HFABP), high sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP), electrolytes, lipid and renal profile parameters, glycated haemoglobin (HBA1C) and fasting blood glucose (FBG), using standard guidelines.
 Result: The body mass index (BMI) of the T2DM volunteers was higher than control (P <0.001). The lipid profile, potassium, glucose, HBA1C, urea and creatinine values were elevated (P <0.001) while estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) was lower (P<0.05) in diabetes. The median HFABP and hs-CRP were raised (P <0.05) in T2DM. Positive associations existed between FBG and urea (P <0.001), Creatinine and HBAIC (P <0.001). A logistic regression analysis, shows that an increased BMI, HBA1C, FBG, Cholesterol, urea and creatinine were associated with higher odds (p<0.001) of cardiovascular and renal complications.
 Conclusion: Elevated hs-CRP, glycated haemoglobin, urea and creatinine among T2DM increase the odds of cardiovascular and renal insults in this population.
 Keywords: Type 2 diabetes mellitus; renal disease; glycated haemoglobin; high sensitivity C-reactive protein.

Differential manifestation of type 2 diabetes in Black Africans and White Europeans with recently diagnosed type 2 diabetes: A systematic review

“…The African studies were conducted in Ghana [11], Uganda [12, 19], Kenya [13, 21], Cameroon [14], Nigeria [15, 17], Tanzania [16, 20], South Africa [18], and Ethiopia [22]. In contrast, the European studies were conducted in Sweden [23, 32], Italy [24], Denmark [25, 27], Scotland [26, 33, 36], The Netherlands [29], England [30, 33, 35], Germany [31], Ireland [33], and Wales [34].…”

“…Of the 26 studies included in this systematic review, 12 studies (46.2%) [11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22] and 14 studies (53.8%) [23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30][31][32][33][34][35][36] were conducted on 2,586 Black Africans in eight countries and 279,621 White Europeans in nine countries, respectively.…”

“…Cameroon [14], Nigeria [15,17], Tanzania [16,20], South Africa [18], and Ethiopia [22]. In contrast, the European studies were conducted in Sweden [23,32], Italy [24], Denmark [25,27], Scotland [26,33,36], The Netherlands [29], England [30,33,35],…”

“…Compared with White Europeans, Black Africans had a lower pooled mean age at diagnosis of T2D (49.4±4.4 years vs. 61.3±2.7 years). In the Black Africans, the mean age ranged from 45.3±12.2 years in one study conducted in Tanzania [20] to 59.0±9.0 years in one study conducted in Nigeria [17]. In contrast, in the White Europeans, the mean age ranged from 51.8±8.8 years in male participants in the UK Prospective Diabetes Study (UKPDS) [33] to 64.6±5.4 years in one study conducted in Germany [31].…”

“…Concerning the anthropometric characteristics, compared with White Europeans, Black Africans had a lower pooled mean BMI (26.1±2.6 kg/m 2 vs. 31.4±1.1 kg/m 2 ) and median WC (99.2 [97.2-105.1] cm vs. 103.0 [100.0-106.0] cm). The mean BMI levels in Black Africans ranged from 21.0±4.9 kg/m 2 in one study conducted in Tanzania [20] to 31.8 kg/m 2 in one study conducted in Nigeria [17]. In the White Europeans, the mean BMI levels ranged from 28.2±4.8 kg/m 2 in the male participants in the UKPDS [33] to 32.8±7.2 kg/m 2 in one study conducted in England [35].…”