Assessment of efficacy of bothropic antivenom therapy on microcirculatory effects induced by Bothrops jararaca snake venom

Snakebite Envenoming: A Public Health Perspective

“…In the case of bites by viperids, systemic bleeding, hemodynamic manifestations and coagulation disturbances are controlled within hours after antivenom infusion. In contrast, toxins responsible for local pathological effects (edema, dermonecrosis, local hemorrhage and myonecrosis) are more difficult to neutralize by antivenoms, basically because the early onset of these effects upon venom injection, thus precluding an effective blockade by antivenom antibodies (Gutiérrez et al, 1998), a problem that is worsened by the occurrence of venom-induced vascular alterations, which affect the distribution of antivenom to the affected tissue (Battellino et al, 2003). In the case of neurotoxic venoms, characteristic of most elapid and some viperid species, the development of neurotoxic manifestations is prevented by the timely administration of antivenoms, with www.intechopen.com the consequent neutralization of neurotoxins in the circulation before reaching neuromuscular junctions.…”

Acute Kidney Injury Caused by <i>Bothrops</i> Snake Venom

“…However, this anti-venom is not considered ideal since it does not prevent local damages caused by the snake venom, it can induce hypersensitivity reactions and is sometimes difficult to find in remote areas [4,13,23,53,54,55,56]. …”

Evaluation of rat plasma proteins after bothropic venom inoculation and treatment with Mesenquimal stem cells

“…This therapy has low and limited effectiveness against the local myonecrosis and cytotoxicity (Gutiérrez and Ownby 2003;Quesada et al 2006;Silva et al 2007). In a number of snake bite cases, lack of neutralization of local effects results in permanent sequelae, with tissue loss (Battellino et al 2003).…”