Assessment of dermal absorption of DEET-containing insect repellent and oxybenzone-containing sunscreen using human urinary metabolites

Yiin, Lih‐Ming; Tian, Jia-Ni; Hung, Chien-Che

doi:10.1007/s11356-014-3915-3

Cited by 19 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 24 publications

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“…Skincare products contain various components, like surfactants, alcohols, polyols, and essential oils which can affect the barrier function of the stratum corneum and function as chemical permeation enhancers [ 44 ]. Pont et al [ 45 ] showed that the dermal penetration of a herbicide, 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid through hairless mouse skin in 24 h increased from 54.9 ± 4.7% to 86.9 ± 2.5% in the presence of padimate-o-containing sunscreen, while Wang and Gu [ 46 ] and Yiin et al [ 47 ] demonstrated that the use of sunscreen, oxybenzone after application of a repellent, and DEET (N,N-diethyl-m-toluamide) increases the absorption of DEET through human skin. Along with these studies, our results corroborate that caution shall be given to the concurrent uses of cosmetics and potentially toxic chemicals.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of Cosmetics Use on the In Vitro Skin Absorption of a Biocide, 1,2-Benzisothiazolin-3-one

Huh

Lee

Choi

et al. 2022

Toxics

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1,2-Benzisothiazolin-3-one (BIT) is a commonly used organic biocide containing an isothiazolone ring. However, it may have adverse effects on human health and its risk needs to be properly evaluated. Dermal exposure is the main route of BIT exposure, and co-exposed substances may affect its absorption. The dermal permeation profile of BIT has not been well-studied. This study aimed to investigate the dermal permeation profiles of BIT with or without cosmetic use. Dermal permeation profiles of BIT were investigated after infinite- (100 μg/cm2), or a finite-dose (10 μg/cm2) application with or without cosmetics using a minipig skin and Strat-M®, an artificial membrane. A cream, lotion, and essence (namely, face serum) were pre-treated as representative cosmetics on minipig skin for 30 min, with BIT treatment afterward. After the treatment, BIT left on the skin surface was collected by cotton swabbing, BIT in the stratum corneum, by sequential tape stripping, and BIT retained in the remaining skin was extracted after cutting the skin into pieces before LC-MS/MS analysis. When an infinite dose was applied, permeation coefficients (Kp, cm/h) for minipig skin and Strat-M® were 2.63 × 10−3 and 19.94 × 10−3, respectively, reflecting that skin permeation was seven to eight times higher in Strat-M® than in the minipig skin. BIT, in the presence of cosmetics, rapidly permeated the skin, while the amount in the stratum corneum and skin deposit was reduced. We performed a risk assessment of dermally applied BIT in the absence or presence of cosmetics by calculating the skin absorption rate at 10 h based on the toxicological data from several references. The risk level was higher in the presence of essence as compared to lotion, which was higher than cream, which was higher than the control (non-treated). However, all of the margins of safety values obtained were greater than 100, suggesting that BIT is safe for use in dermally exposed consumer products. We believe that this research contributes to a greater understanding of the risk assessment of isothiazolinone biocides.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of Cosmetics Use on the In Vitro Skin Absorption of a Biocide, 1,2-Benzisothiazolin-3-one

Huh

Lee

Choi

et al. 2022

Toxics

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“…We used three time difference scenarios for the data to compare urine samples in the equivalent stage of metabolism and excretion of a given insect repellent application. The shortest time interval examined in previous studies was 2 to 4 hours ([ 6 ]—human plasma 2 hours, urine 4 hours), ([ 25 ]—human urine, selected 4 hour compartments), ([ 26 ]—human urine 4 hours), which led to the choice of investigating a lag time of 0, 2 and 4 hours. The processes for the excretion of DEET metabolites in urine appear to require at least a short time lag between application and excretion [ 6 , 25 , 26 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The shortest time interval examined in previous studies was 2 to 4 hours ([ 6 ]—human plasma 2 hours, urine 4 hours), ([ 25 ]—human urine, selected 4 hour compartments), ([ 26 ]—human urine 4 hours), which led to the choice of investigating a lag time of 0, 2 and 4 hours. The processes for the excretion of DEET metabolites in urine appear to require at least a short time lag between application and excretion [ 6 , 25 , 26 ]. The analysis of a zero lag time was included to take into account the possibility of immediate excretion.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Development of an observational exposure human biomonitoring study to assess Canadian children’s DEET exposure during protective use

Gibson

Marro²,

Borghese³

et al. 2022

PLoS ONE

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Biomonitoring data of N,N-diethyl-meta-toluamide (DEET) in children is scarce and limited to controlled exposure and surveillance studies. We conducted a 24-hour observational exposure and human biomonitoring study designed to estimate use of and exposure to DEET-based insect repellents by Canadian children in an overnight summer camp setting. Here, we present our study design and methodology. In 2019, children between the ages of 7 and 13 took part in the study (n = 126). Children controlled their use of DEET-based insect repellents, and provided an account of their activities at camp that could impact insect repellent absorption. Children provided a total of 389 urine samples throughout the study day, and reported the time that they applied insect repellent, which allowed us to contextualize urinary DEET and metabolite concentrations with respect to the timing of insect repellent application. DEET (2.3% <Limits of detection (LOD)) and two metabolites, N,N-diethyl-m-(hydroxymethyl)benzamide (DHMB) (0% <LOD) and 3-diethylcarbamoyl benzoic acid (DCBA) (0% <LOD), were measured in urine samples. Three time difference scenarios were established for the data and analysed to account for these complex time-dependent data, which demonstrated the need for DEET biomonitoring to be done in context with the timing of a known DEET exposure or over the course of at least 14 to 24 hours to better capture the excretion curve. To our knowledge, this is the first field-based study of real-world exposure to DEET in children. Our experience and results suggest that this type of real-world observational exposure study with a human biomonitoring component can generate data reflective of actual exposure, but is not without significant logistic, practical, and analytical challenges.

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“…Despite inclusion in malaria prevention programs, both chemicals have known associated dangers (Diaz, 2016). DEET is known to have heightened toxicity when applied with sunscreen (Yiin, Tian & Hung, 2015; Rodriguez & Maibach, 2016), a situation likely to arise for military personnel deployed to tropical and subtropical regions of the world. Additionally, synergism has been observed during simultaneous exposure to DEET and permethrin, leading to neuronal degeneration and significant neurobehavioral effects (Abdel-Rahman et al., 2004).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nonconventional opponents: a review of malaria and leishmaniasis among United States Armed Forces

Beiter

Wentlent

Hamouda

et al. 2019

PeerJ

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As the United States military engage with different countries and cultures throughout the world, personnel become exposed to new biospheres as well. There are many infectious pathogens that are not endemic to the US, but two of particular importance are Plasmodium and Leishmania, which respectively cause malaria and leishmaniasis. These parasites are both known to cause significant disease burden in their endemic locales, and thus pose a threat to military travelers. This review introduces readers to basic life cycle and disease mechanisms for each. Local and military epidemiology are described, as are the specific actions taken by the US military for prevention and treatment purposes. Complications of such measures with regard to human health are also discussed, including possible chemical toxicities. Additionally, poor recognition of these diseases upon an individual’s return leading to complications and treatment delays in the United States are examined. Information about canine leishmaniasis, poorly studied relative to its human manifestation, but of importance due to the utilization of dogs in military endeavors is presented. Future implications for the American healthcare system regarding malaria and leishmaniasis are also presented.

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Assessment of dermal absorption of DEET-containing insect repellent and oxybenzone-containing sunscreen using human urinary metabolites

Cited by 19 publications

References 24 publications

Effect of Cosmetics Use on the In Vitro Skin Absorption of a Biocide, 1,2-Benzisothiazolin-3-one

Effect of Cosmetics Use on the In Vitro Skin Absorption of a Biocide, 1,2-Benzisothiazolin-3-one

Development of an observational exposure human biomonitoring study to assess Canadian children’s DEET exposure during protective use

Nonconventional opponents: a review of malaria and leishmaniasis among United States Armed Forces

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