Assessment of depression prevalence in rural Uganda using symptom and function criteria

Bolton, Paul; Wilk, Christopher M.; Ndogoni, Lincoln

doi:10.1007/s00127-004-0763-3

Cited by 189 publications

(188 citation statements)

References 29 publications

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“…The prevalence of depressive disorder in this study was 26%.This finding is similar to that of Bolton et al (2004) in south west Uganda who reported 21% prevalence of depressive disorder among HIV positive patients. This finding is also similar to the prevalence of 29.3% reported by Chikezie (2009).…”

Section: Psychosomatic Variablessupporting

confidence: 88%

Risk factors of suicidality among HIV positive subjects in a treatment centre, Kaduna Metropolis, Nigeria

Aremu¹,

Nuhu²,

Ajayi³

2016

J. AIDS HIV Res.

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Suicide behaviour complicates human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). Some of the risk factors attributed to this behavior include stigmatization, depression, cultural beliefs, deterioration in physical condition and overwhelming infections. The aim of this paper is to identify the risk factors of suicidal behaviour among HIV respondents in an antiretroviral treatment centre in Kaduna metropolis. This will also present opportunity for primary prevention of suicide among these respondents. The study was a cross sectional, descriptive study involving two hundred and fifty HIV positive respondents, selected through convenience sampling. Two selfadministered questionnaires (sociodemographic and Beck depression inventory) were given to the subjects to fill after receiving written consent. All the participating subjects were interviewed for suicidality using suicidality module of MINI and also clinically examined by the author. The statistical package for social science (SPSS), 15th edition was used for analysis. Multiple logistic regression analysis was used to identify predictors of suicidility. Level of significance was set at p < 0.05. The prevalence of suicidality among these patients receiving antiretroviral care at AIDS Relief Centre of StGerard Catholic hospital was 16% while the prevalence of depression among the subjects was 26%. Factors significantly associated with suicidality in this study were depression (p = 0.000; x 2 = 37.645,df = 1), reaction to illness by friends, colleagues, and relation (p = 0.000; x 2 = 26.5,df = 2), past psychiatric history (p = 0.023; x 2 = 1,df = 1), physical state of the patient (p = 0.0016; x 2 = 5.787,df = 1), and previous suicidal attempt (p = 0.000; x 2 = 66.17,df = 1). On multiple regression analysis, depression (p = 0.000; odd ratio = 11.242 and 95% CI = 4.147 to 30.478) and reaction to illness by friends, relation and colleagues (p = 0.032; odd ratio = 0.193 and 95% CI = 0.043 to 0.866) were found to be predictors of suicidality. The more severe the depression, the higher the rate of suicide behaviour. Predictor (p = 0.000, odd ratio = 64.68 and 95% = 10.33 to 1388). The implication of this finding is that suicidality complicates HIV/AIDS disease among infected subjects in Nigeria. Therefore, there is need for prompt recognition of risk factors to suicidality and the need to prevent it among these subjects.

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Section: Psychosomatic Variablessupporting

confidence: 88%

Risk factors of suicidality among HIV positive subjects in a treatment centre, Kaduna Metropolis, Nigeria

Aremu¹,

Nuhu²,

Ajayi³

2016

J. AIDS HIV Res.

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“…However, depression exists at possibly higher prevalence rates than in western countries 37 according to 16 studies 4,5,7,[9][10][11][38][39][40][41][42][43][44][45][46][47] , and an additional 13 studies cited in 37 , of community and non-HIVspecific clinic populations, with generally higher rates for women than men 37,43 . Finally, depression is reasonably easy to elicit when sought and present 37 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Validity/Reliability of PHQ-9 and PHQ-2 Depression Scales Among Adults Living with HIV/AIDS in Western Kenya

et al. 2008

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BACKGROUND: Depression greatly burdens subSaharan Africa, especially populations living with HIV/ AIDS, for whom few validated depression scales exist. Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9), a brief dualpurpose instrument yielding DSM-IV diagnoses and severity, and PHQ-2, an ultra-brief screening tool, offer advantages in resource-constrained settings. OBJECTIVE:To assess the validity/reliability of PHQ-9 and PHQ-2. DESIGN: Observational, two occasions 7 days apart.PARTICIPANTS: A total of 347 patients attending psychosocial support groups.MEASUREMENTS: Demographics, PHQ-9, PHQ-2, general health perception rating and CD4 count. RESULTS:Rates for PHQ-9 DSM-IV major depressive disorder (MDD), other depressive disorder (ODD) and any depressive disorder were 13%, 21% and 34%. Depression was associated with female gender, but not CD4. Construct validity was supported by: (1) a strong association between PHQ-9 and general health rating, (2) a single major factor with loadings exceeding 0.50, (3) item-total correlations exceeding 0.37 and (4) a pattern of item means similar to US validation studies. Four focus groups indicated culturally relevant content validity and minor modifications to the PHQ-9 instructions. Coefficient alpha was 0.78. Test-retest reliability was acceptable: (1) intraclass correlation 0.59 for PHQ-9 total score, (2) kappas 0.24, 0.25 and 0.38 for PHQ-9 MDD, ODD and any depressive disorder and (3) weighted kappa 0.53 for PHQ-9 depression severity categories. PHQ-2 ≥3 demonstrated high sensitivity (85%) and specificity (95%) for diagnosing any PHQ-9 depressive disorder (AUC, 0.97), and 91% and 77%, respectively, for diagnosing PHQ-9 MDD (AUC, 0.91). Psychometrics were also good within four gender/age (18)(19)(20)(21)(22)(23)(24)(25)(26)(27)(28)(29)(30)(31)(32)(33)(34)(35) subgroups.CONCLUSIONS: PHQ-9 and PHQ-2 appear valid/ reliable for assessing DSM-IV depressive disorders and depression severity among adults living with HIV/AIDS in western Kenya. INTRODUCTIONMore than 70% of all deaths attributable to HIV/AIDS are in sub-Saharan Africa, with approximately 6.1% of adults living with HIV in Kenya in 2005 1 . The social, economic and health impact of depression in sub-Saharan Africa is also great, where depression is associated with mortality 2-5 , work disability 4-7 , lower quality of life 5,[8][9][10][11][12] , risk of heart disease 13 and high-risk behaviors for contracting HIV infection 14 . With one exception 15 , the sparse literature on depression among individuals living with HIV/AIDS in sub-Saharan Africa has shown elevated rates of depression relative to community samples 3,8,10,[16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25] , consistent with western countries [26][27][28][29] . Thus, there is an urgency to incorporating mental health into HIV/ AIDS treatment programs in sub-Saharan Africa, including western Kenya [30][31][32][33][34][35] .Depression in sub-Saharan Africa presents in forms (culturespecific idioms, somatic, based on interpersonal relationships or spiritual in nature) that may o...

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“…In Africa, where the majority of people with HIV live (UNAIDS, 2004), less is known about the prevalence of depressive symptoms among persons with HIV (Bolton, Wilk, &Ndogoni, 2004;Maj et al, 1991) and the socio-demographic and HIV-related factors associated with depression. Among recently diagnosed HIV patients in South Africa, the prevalence of major depression was found to be 35% (Olley et al, 2003) and gender, negative life events and disability were associated with current major depression (Olley, Seedat, Nei, &Stein, 2004).…”

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confidence: 99%

Depression and CD4 Cell Count Among Persons with HIV Infection in Uganda

et al. 2006

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Despite the importance of mental illness and the high prevalence of HIV in Africa, few studies have documented depressive symptoms among HIV-infected persons in Africa. We assessed factors associated with depression among HIV-infected adults undergoing anti-retroviral eligibility screening in Eastern Uganda. Depressive symptoms were measured using the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D). Univariate and multiple regression analyses were conducted to identify socio-demographic characteristics and disease-related factors associated with depression. Among 1017 HIV-infected participants assessed for depression, 47% (476/1017) reported depressive symptoms (CES-D >/= 23). Adjusting for age, gender, education, and source of income, patients with CD4 counts <50 cells/microl were more likely to be depressed (odds ratio 2.34, 95% confidence interval, 1.39-3.93, P = 0.001). Women, participants >50 years, and those without an income source were more likely to be depressed. Depression was common among HIV-infected persons in rural Uganda and was associated with low CD4 cell counts. Appropriate screening and treatment for depression should be considered for comprehensive HIV care.

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Assessment of depression prevalence in rural Uganda using symptom and function criteria

Cited by 189 publications

References 29 publications

Risk factors of suicidality among HIV positive subjects in a treatment centre, Kaduna Metropolis, Nigeria

Risk factors of suicidality among HIV positive subjects in a treatment centre, Kaduna Metropolis, Nigeria

Validity/Reliability of PHQ-9 and PHQ-2 Depression Scales Among Adults Living with HIV/AIDS in Western Kenya

Depression and CD4 Cell Count Among Persons with HIV Infection in Uganda

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