Assessment of cutaneous perspiration by image analysis

Keskin, Merve; Schröder, C.; Takors, A.; Sauermann, G.; Hoppe, U.; Wolf, F; Brauel, A.; Knieler, R.; Pietsch, Hubertus; Herpens, A.

doi:10.1016/s0923-1811(98)83709-2

Cited by 4 publications

(5 citation statements)

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“…This method is cumbersome but allows the weighing of sweat absorbed by the material in addition to the visualization of droplets. Prussian blue powdered on a self-adhesive transparent tape turns blue in contact with sweat [71].…”

Section: Water Evaporation Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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EEMCO Guidance for the Efficacy Assessment of Antiperspirants and Deodorants

Pierard

Elsner²,

Marks³

et al. 2003

Skin Pharmacol Physiol

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Overproduction of sweat, sweaty skin and body odours are unpleasant for many social groups. Body cleansing products are designed to combat these undesirable features of skin. In addition, antiperspirant and deodorant products are more specifically used in the underarm site by a large part of the adult population. Antiperspirants are offered to control emotionally triggered sweating in the armpit. Deodorants are designed to combat malodour generated from bacteria-modified sweat. This review summarizes the physiology of eccrine, apocrine and apoeccrine sweat glands. The mechanisms of action of antiperspirants and deodorants are described as well as the factors influencing their efficacies. A series of tests using various measurement methods can be used to demonstrate the efficacy of antiperspirants. These include the gravimetric method, water evaporation quantification, electrodermal measurements, staining procedures, dye injections and cyanoacrylate skin surface strippings and casting replicas. Deodorant efficacy can be evaluated by sensory assessments performed by an expert panel. Indirect support is provided by visualization of apocrine gland excretion and collection of sweat and volatile compounds. Microbiological assessments and chromatographic analysis also provide indirect information.

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Section: Water Evaporation Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Alternatively, the replica can be mounted and projected as a magnified image onto a grid system to allow counting. Image analysis systems can also be used to obtain information rapidly and accurately [71].…”

Section: Casting Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

EEMCO Guidance for the Efficacy Assessment of Antiperspirants and Deodorants

Pierard

Elsner²,

Marks³

et al. 2003

Skin Pharmacol Physiol

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“…Several other dyes such as rhodamine have been used 41 . Prussian blue powdered on a self‐adhesive transparent tape turns blue after contact with sweat 42 …”

Section: Sweat Gland Disturbancesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…41 Prussian blue powdered on a self-adhesive transparent tape turns blue after contact with sweat. 42 The above-mentioned staining methods are probably prone to some flaws. A pitfall occurs when residual surfactants on the SC modify the sweat rheology.…”

Section: Staining Procedures For Watery Sweat Visualizationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sweaty skin, background and assessments

et al. 2012

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Overproduction of sweat, sweaty skin, and body malodors are felt unpleasant by many people in diverse social groups. This review summarizes the functional aspects of the eccrine, apocrine, and apoeccrine sweat glands as encountered in health and disease. A series of measuring methods are conveniently used to explore any trouble in sweat production. These include the gravimetric method, water evaporation quantification, skin staining procedures, dye injections, casting replicas, average electrometric assessments, and skin capacitance mapping / imaging (SCM). Qualitative assessment is provided by collection of sweat and volatile compounds followed by chromatographic analysis. At present, SCM appears to be the most valuable method for assessing the number of active glands and their individual sweat production by the eccrine and apoeccrine glands.

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“…In those protocols, mainly the upper back and inner volar arms are involved instead of the axillae to compare more than just two treated product sites. The methods used to quantify the actual amount of eccrine sweat produced during specific time intervals may encompass gravimetric methods [3] as implemented in the ‘hot‐room protocol’, water evaporation methods [4, 5], electrodermal methods [6], staining methods with starch‐iodine or bromophenol blue [7–9], or casting methods using hydrophobic silicone rubber or plastic solutions applied to the skin surface [9–13]. In the latter case, any sweat droplets emerging from the eccrine pores prevent deposition of the hydrophobic material, leading to imprints in the surface of the applied material.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Qualification of a precise and easy‐to‐handle sweat casting imprint method for the prediction and quantification of anti‐perspirant efficacy

Keyhani

Scheede

Thielecke

et al. 2009

Intern J of Cosmetic Sci

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A time- and cost-effective sweat casting method using the forearm as test site to assess the efficacy of several anti-perspirant formulations with a low number of test subjects has been evaluated and qualified. The imprint sweat casting method is based on a 2-component silcone-imprint technique to measure the efficacy of more than eight products in parallel with the same test subject. In studies using aluminum chlorohydrate (ACH) formulations as test anti-perspirants, a clear-cut correlation could be demonstrated between sweat gland activities measured by the imprint method and gravimetric measurement of sweat gland activities. Concentration-dependent inhibition of sweat gland activity could be observed with the imprint technique up to an ACH concentration of 15%, and all formulations containing 2% ACH or above resulted in statistically significant reduction of sweat gland activity (P < 0.001) when compared with untreated control areas. Furthermore, the SDs of individual studies using the imprint technique were in a range of +/-20% of sweat gland activity, which can be regarded rather low for in vivo measurements of a complex process like sweat secretion. A group-wise comparison between the measurements of anti-perspirant activity as determined by the imprint protocol and the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) Guideline compliant gravimetric hot-room protocol revealed that the test results for anti-perspirant activity obtained with the imprint protocol are similar to those obtained with the hot-room protocol. Moreover, the data generated with the imprint protocol have a high predictive value for the outcome of a later guideline-compliant hot-room test. As the imprint casting method tends to be a little more sensitive for formulations with low anti-perspirant activity, and seems to be associated with less interassay variability than the standard gravimetric hot-room test, the imprint casting method may select products which later fail to pass the standard gravimetric hot-room test. Meanwhile the imprint sweat casting has proven to be a robust method useful to support efficacy-oriented product development. Therefore, in later stages of utilization it might even evolve into an efficient claim substantiation tool.

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Assessment of cutaneous perspiration by image analysis

Cited by 4 publications

References 0 publications

EEMCO Guidance for the Efficacy Assessment of Antiperspirants and Deodorants

EEMCO Guidance for the Efficacy Assessment of Antiperspirants and Deodorants

Sweaty skin, background and assessments

Qualification of a precise and easy‐to‐handle sweat casting imprint method for the prediction and quantification of anti‐perspirant efficacy

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