Assessment of circulation and inter-basin transport in the Salish Sea including Johnstone Strait and Discovery Islands pathways

Khangaonkar, Tarang; Long, Wen; Xu, Wenwei

doi:10.1016/j.ocemod.2016.11.004

Cited by 54 publications

(55 citation statements)

References 30 publications

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“…The deep waters entering Puget Sound originate in the Pacific Ocean and represent a mix of subtropical and subarctic water masses. Upwelling varies in strength and duration, with short-term intrusions over the sill at Admiralty Inlet (Deppe et al, 2013;Khangaonkar et al, 2017). The surface layer is influenced by vertical mixing with deep waters enhanced by circulation around the sills, and also by inputs of freshwater and primary productivity within the euphotic zone.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Seasonal variation in aragonite saturation in surface waters of Puget Sound – a pilot study

Pelletier

Roberts

Keyzers

et al. 2018

Elementa: Science of the Anthropocene

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A pilot study of sampling, using monthly marine flights over spatially distributed stations, was conducted with the aim to characterize the carbonate system in Puget Sound over a full year-long period. Surface waters of Puget Sound were found to be under-saturated with respect to aragonite during OctoberMarch, and super-saturated during April-September. Highest pCO 2 and lowest pH occurred during the corrosive October-March period. Lowest pCO 2 and highest pH occurred during the super-saturated AprilSeptember period. The monthly variations in pCO 2 , pH, and aragonite saturation state closely followed the variations in monthly average chlorophyll a. Super-saturated conditions during April-September are likely strongly influenced by photosynthetic uptake of CO 2 during the phytoplankton growing season. The relationship between phytoplankton production, the carbonate system, and aragonite saturation state suggests that long-term trends in eutrophication processes may contribute to trends in ocean acidification in Puget Sound.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Seasonal variation in aragonite saturation in surface waters of Puget Sound – a pilot study

Pelletier

Roberts

Keyzers

et al. 2018

Elementa: Science of the Anthropocene

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“…The genetic break coincides with the Victoria Sill, a shallow submarine feature that divides the Strait of Juan de Fuca from the interior Salish Sea (Ebbesmeyer & Barnes, 1980). This sill rises to depths of 55 m to 100 m and causes considerable vertical mixing during strong tidal currents in the Strait of Juan de Fuca (Ebbesmeyer & Barnes, 1980; Khangaonkar, Long, & Xu, 2017; Soontiens & Allen, 2017). This mixing creates spatial discontinuities in sediment load (Johannessen, Masson, & Macdonald, 2006), salinity (Masson & Cummins, 2000), nutrient load (Peña, Masson, & Callendar, 2016), and primary production (Masson & Peña, 2009).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Population assignment and local adaptation along an isolation‐by‐distance gradient in Pacific cod (Gadus macrocephalus)

Drinan

Gruenthal

Canino

et al. 2018

Evolutionary Applications

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The discernment of populations as management units is a fundamental prerequisite for sustainable exploitation of species. A lack of clear stock boundaries complicates not only the identification of spatial management units, but also the assessment of mixed fisheries by population assignment and mixed stock analysis. Many marine species, such as Pacific cod, are characterized by isolation by distance, showing significant differentiation but no clear stock boundaries. Here, we used restriction‐site‐associated DNA (RAD) sequencing to investigate population structure and assess power to genetically assign Pacific cod to putative populations of origin. Samples were collected across the species range in the eastern Pacific Ocean, from the Salish Sea to the Aleutian Islands. A total of 6,425 putative biallelic single nucleotide polymorphisms were identified from 276 individuals. We found a strong isolation‐by‐distance signal along coastlines that mirrored previous microsatellite results and pronounced genetic differentiation between coastal samples and those from the inland waters of the Salish Sea, with no evidence for hybridization between these two populations. Individual assignment success based on two methods was high overall (≥84%) but decreased from south to north. Assignment to geographic location of origin also was successful, with average distance between capture and assignment location of 220 km. Outlier analyses identified more loci potentially under selection along the coast than between Salish Sea and coastal samples, suggesting more diverse adaptation to latitudinal environmental factors than inshore vs. offshore environments. Our results confirm previous observations of sharp genetic differentiation of the Salish Sea population and isolation by distance along the coast, but also highlight the feasibility of using modern genomic techniques to inform stock boundaries and fisheries management in a low F ST marine species.

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“…Figure upper left panel shows the model domain, which encompasses Vancouver Island completely, allowing tides to propagate into the Salish Sea around Vancouver Island through Johnstone Strait and the Strait of Juan de Fuca. The hydrodynamic component of the Salish Sea Model uses the finite volume community ocean model (FVCOM; Chen et al, ) with an unstructured grid framework and has been discussed in detail previously (Khangaonkar et al, , , ).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The standard diagnostic Salish Sea Model development and calibration (Khangaonkar et al, ) were based on inputs developed mostly from measured data from Y2014. The model has been validated on other years (e.g., Ahmed et al, ; Khangaonkar et al, ) in hindcast mode using inputs based on measured data. The approach selected was to treat Y2000 and Y2095 simulations as perturbation tests using the previously calibrated setup.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The magnitude of this tidally averaged inflow from the Pacific Ocean to the Salish Sea through the lower layer (also referred to as exchange flow) is ≈143 × 10 3 m 3 /s, and the inflow to the Puget Sound region of the Salish Sea via Admiralty Inlet is ≈16 × 10 3 m 3 /s (based on 2014 conditions). These exchange flow magnitudes are nearly 10 to 20 times higher than corresponding average freshwater river inflows (Khangaonkar et al, , ; Sutherland et al, ). As a result, the Salish Sea is most vulnerable to future changes to the chemistry of oceanic waters upwelled over the continental shelf due to regional climate change.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 94%

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Salish Sea Response to Global Climate Change, Sea Level Rise, and Future Nutrient Loads

Khangaonkar

Nugraha

et al. 2019

JGR Oceans

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Given annual occurrences of hypoxia, harmful algal blooms, and evidence of coastal acidification, the potential impacts of climate change on water quality are of increasing concern in the U.S. Pacific Northwest estuaries such as the Salish Sea. While large‐scale global climate projections are well documented, our understanding of the nearshore estuarine‐scale response is not as well developed. In this study, the future response within the Salish Sea fjord‐like environment was examined using the Salish Sea Model driven by downscaled outputs from the National Center for Atmospheric Research climate model Community Earth System Model. We simulated a single projection of 95‐year change under the representative concentration pathway 8.5 greenhouse gas emissions scenario. Results indicate that higher temperatures, lower pH, and decreased dissolved oxygen levels in the upwelled shelf waters in the future would propagate into the Salish Sea. Results point to potential changes in average Salish Sea temperature (≈+1.51 °C), dissolved oxygen (≈−0.77 mg/L), and pH (acidification −0.18 units) in the Y2095 relative to historical Y2000. The algal biomass in the Salish Sea could increase by ≈23% with a potential species shift from diatoms toward dinoflagellates. The region of annually recurring hypoxia could increase from <1% today to ≈16% in the future. The results suggest that the future response in the Salish Sea is less severe relative to the change predicted near the continental shelf boundary. This resilience of the Salish Sea may be attributed to the existence of strong vertical circulation cells that provide mitigation and serve as a physical buffer, thus keeping waters cooler, more oxygenated, and less acidic.

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Assessment of circulation and inter-basin transport in the Salish Sea including Johnstone Strait and Discovery Islands pathways

Cited by 54 publications

References 30 publications

Seasonal variation in aragonite saturation in surface waters of Puget Sound – a pilot study

Seasonal variation in aragonite saturation in surface waters of Puget Sound – a pilot study

Population assignment and local adaptation along an isolation‐by‐distance gradient in Pacific cod (Gadus macrocephalus)

Salish Sea Response to Global Climate Change, Sea Level Rise, and Future Nutrient Loads

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