Assessment of Cadmium and Lead Released from Cigarette Smoke.

Suna, Shigeru; Asakawa, Fumiyuki; Jitsunari, Fumihiko; Manabe, Yoshiki; Gotou, Atsushi; Fukunaga, Ichiro; Nakajima, Taichi

doi:10.1265/jjh.46.1014

Cited by 10 publications

(16 citation statements)

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“…Cigarettes contain about 1 (Suna et al 1991), 1.15 (Watanabe et al 1987), 1.79 (Kalcher et al 1993) or 0.4-3.0 lg Cd per piece (Elinder et al 1983). Some 5 (after 10 puffs; Suna et al 1991) to 10% (after 6 puffs; Kalcher et al 1993) of the Cd in the cigarette [or 50 (Suna et al 1991) to 179 ng Cd (Kalcher et al 1993) per cigarette] will be transferred to the mainstream for inhalation. Torrence et al (2002) estimated that it would be 64-69 ng Cd per cigarette.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Cigarettes are known to contain Cd at measurable levels (e.g., 1-3 lg per piece; Elinder et al 1983;Watanabe et al 1987;Suna et al 1991;Kalcher et al 1993;Rickert and Kaiserman 1994). Cigarette smoking, therefore, can be a substantial source of non-occupational exposure to Cd (Watanabe et al 1982(Watanabe et al , 1983, in addition to foods ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Smoking-induced increase in urinary cadmium levels among Japanese women

Ikeda

Moriguchi

Ezaki

et al. 2005

Int Arch Occup Environ Health

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Smoking-induced increase in urinary cadmium levels among Japanese women

Ikeda

Moriguchi

Ezaki

et al. 2005

Int Arch Occup Environ Health

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“…Thus tobacco and cigarettes can contain these metals in relatively high amounts (Watanabe et al 1987;Saldivar et al 1991;Suna et al 1991;Chiba and Masironi 1992;Yue 1992;Bernhard et al 2005;Massadeh et al 2005;Lugon-Moulin et al 2006). However, so far there has been no obligation to control tobacco or cigarettes for contamination with toxic heavy metals, and thus the data on their contents in various brands of currently produced cigarettes is incomplete.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The metals released into the smoke are distributed into the mainstream smoke (MS) being the part of the smoke that is inhaled by a smoker during a puff and the sidestream smoke (SS) i.e. the part of the smoke released from the burning tip of a cigarette between puffs (Suna et al 1991;Chiba and Masironi 1992;Czogala and Dutkiewicz 1992a;Kalcher et al 1993;Hertz-Picciotto and Hu 1994;Wu et al 1997).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, until now the data on Cd and Pb flux from a cigarette into the smoke are few and inconsistent (Nitsch et al 1991;Suna et al 1991;Czogala and Dutkiewicz 1992a;Hertz-Picciotto and Hu 1994;Wu et al 1997). Moreover, the relationship between Cd and Pb contents in tobacco/cigarettes or cigarette smoke and the blood or urinary concentrations of these metals in smokers is not well recognized.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Estimation of Polish cigarettes contamination with cadmium and lead, and exposure to these metals via smoking

Gałażyn-Sidorczuk

Brzóska

Moniuszko-Jakoniuk

2007

Environ Monit Assess

122

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To estimate exposure to cadmium (Cd) and lead (Pb) through cigarette smoking, the concentrations of both metals in the blood or/and urine of smokers (20 cigarettes or more per day for 10 years or longer) and their non-smoking counterparts inhabiting an environmentally unpolluted area (Bialystok, Poland) were evaluated, as well as Cd and Pb contents in the cigarette brands (produced in Poland) smoked by the participants, including intact cigarettes, pre-smoking (tobacco, paper and filter) and post-smoking (butt, ash and smoke) cigarette components. Blood and urinary Cd concentrations in the smokers have been already reported by us to be 2-4 times higher than in the non-smokers (Galazyn-Sidorczuk et al. Polish Journal of Environmental Studies, 13 (Suppl.1):91-95, 2004). All the other measurements are the subject of the present paper. Pb concentration in the blood of the cigarette smokers (52.12 +/- 15.51 microg l(-1)) was higher by 29% than in the non-smokers (40.42 +/- 11.19 microg l(-1)). The mean Cd and Pb contents in the cigarettes were 0.6801 +/- 0.1765 and 0.6853 +/- 0.0746 microg per cigarette, respectively. Under cigarette burning, performed using a machine for self-acting burning, on average 33% of Cd and 11% of Pb present in the whole cigarette was released into the smoke. For Cd, unlike Pb, there was a high positive correlation between the metal content in cigarettes and tobacco and its release into the smoke. Moreover, the subjects smoking cigarettes containing the highest Cd amount had higher blood Cd concentration than smokers of other cigarette brands. The results give clear evidence that in the case of inhabitants of areas unpolluted with Cd and Pb habitual cigarette smoking, due to tobacco contamination, creates a serious source of chronic exposure to these metals, especially to Cd.

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