Assessment of agreement among diplomates of the American College of Veterinary Anesthesia and Analgesia for scoring the recovery of horses from anesthesia by use of subjective grading scales and development of a system for evaluation of the recovery of horses from anesthesia by use of accelerometry

Clark‐Price, Stuart C.; Lascola, Kara M.; Carter, Jennifer E.; Cunha, Andrei dos Santos; Donaldson, Lydia; Doherty, Thomas J; Martin‐Flores, Manuel; Hofmeister, Erik H.; Keating, Stephanie; Mama, Khursheed R.; Mason, Diane; Posner, Lysa P.; Sano, Hiroki; Seddighi, Reza; Shih, Andre; Weil, Ann B.; Schaeffer, David J.

doi:10.2460/ajvr.78.6.668

Cited by 15 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 40 publications

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“…In this study, recovery of anaesthesia was assessed using three semi‐subjective recovery scoring systems, a CCS, SDS and VAS. Currently there is some disagreement with regard to the reliability of semi‐subjective equine recovery scoring systems and information is sparse regarding the correlation between the various systems . Consequently, we chose to use three systems and have observers evaluate the recoveries on two separate occasions and average the results in an attempt to strengthen the validity of our results.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Total intravenous anaesthesia with ketamine, medetomidine and guaifenesin compared with ketamine, medetomidine and midazolam in young horses anaesthetised for computerised tomography

Pratt

Cunneen

Perkins

et al. 2018

Equine Veterinary Journal

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Summary Background There is no information directly comparing midazolam with guaifenesin when used in combination with an alpha‐2 agonist and ketamine to maintain anaesthesia via i.v. infusion in horses. Objectives To compare ketamine–medetomidine–guaifenesin with ketamine–medetomidine–midazolam for total intravenous anaesthesia (TIVA) in young horses anaesthetised for computerised tomography. Study design Prospective, randomised, blinded, crossover trial. Methods Fourteen weanlings received medetomidine 7 μg/kg bwt i.v. and anaesthesia was induced with ketamine 2.2 mg/kg bwt i.v. On two separate occasions horses each received infusions of ketamine 3 mg/kg bwt/h, medetomidine 5 μg/kg bwt/h, guaifenesin 100 mg/kg bwt/h (KMG) or ketamine 3 mg/kg bwt/h, medetomidine 5 μg/kg bwt/h, midazolam 0.1 mg/kg bwt/h (KMM) for 50 min. Cardiorespiratory variables and anaesthetic depth were assessed every 5–10 min. Recovery times after the infusions ceased were recorded and recovery quality was assessed using a composite score system (CSS), simple descriptive scale (SDS) and visual analogue scale (VAS). Multivariable models were used to generate mean recovery scores for each treatment and each recovery score system and provide P‐values comparing treatment groups. Results Anaesthesia was uneventful with no difference in additional anaesthetic requirements and little clinically relevant differences in cardiopulmonary variables between groups. All horses recovered without incident with no significant difference in recovery times. Quality of the anaesthetic recovery was significantly better for the KMM group compared with the KMG group using the CSS (P<0.001), SDS (P<0.001) and VAS (P<0.001). Main limitations No surgical stimulus was applied and study animals may not represent general horse population. Conclusion Midazolam is a suitable alternative to guaifenesin when co‐infused with ketamine and medetomidine for anaesthesia in young horses undergoing noninvasive procedures. Both infusions produce a clinically comparable quality of anaesthesia; however, recovery from anaesthesia is of a better quality following an infusion of ketamine–medetomidine–midazolam.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Total intravenous anaesthesia with ketamine, medetomidine and guaifenesin compared with ketamine, medetomidine and midazolam in young horses anaesthetised for computerised tomography

Pratt

Cunneen

Perkins

et al. 2018

Equine Veterinary Journal

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“…Sumianxin II has high analgesic, sedation, and muscle relaxation properties and a maintenance time of up to 1.5 h; however, a long induction time makes sumianxin II an inappropriate choice for large animal experiments (4,12). Ketamine produces strong analgesic and minimal circulation effects, but it has the disadvantage of a short maintenance time (13)(14)(15). Combination anesthesia offers balance and avoids the side effects of any one drug, but few studies have been conducted to compare the anesthesia effects of sumianxin II-pentobarbital, ketamine-pentobarbital, and ketamine-sumianxin II in miniature pigs.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of Three Anesthesia Drug Combinations in Miniature Pigs.

Kou¹,

Chen²,

Huang³

et al. 2020

Preprint

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Background To compare the effects of three anesthesia drug combinations in miniature pigs. Methods Guizhou miniature pigs （15 male, 15 female, 22-24 months）were randomly divided into three groups (n=10, 5 male, 5 female) and anesthetized intramuscularly (neck) with sumianxin Ⅱ (0.1 ml/kg) and 3% pentobarbital (0.8 ml/kg; Group A); ketamine (10 mg/kg) and 3% pentobarbital (0.8 ml/kg; Group B); or ketamine (10 mg/kg) combined with sumianxin II (0.1 ml/kg; Group C). Induction time, maintenance time, recovery time, and mortality were recorded. Heart rate, respiration, mean arterial pressure, and body temperature were analyzed pre-anesthesia (T0), after induction (T1), 30 min after operation (T2), 60 min after operation (T3), and at the end of anesthesia (resuscitation, T4). Results There were no significant differences in body weight, length, or experimental period between animals in the three treatment groups. The induction times of groups B and C (2-3 min) were significantly shorter than that of group A (7.4±1.1 min). The maintenance time of group B (136±11.4 min) was significantly different from those of groups A and C. The recovery time of group C was 4±1.0 min, compared with 9±0.6 min in group A and 10±1.5 min in group B. In group A, five pigs had adverse reactions (nausea and vomiting), and one pig died. All animals in group B had adverse reactions, and one pig died. The pigs in group C did not experience adverse reactions. The heart rates and respiration of the animals in group C were decreased at T2 and T3 compared with those of group A and B; there were no differences in heart rate and respiration between groups A and B. There were no differences in body temperature or mean arterial pressure of the pigs in the three treatment groups.Conclusions Intramuscular injection of ketamine combined with sumianxin Ⅱ is a suitable anesthesia therapy in miniature pigs because of short induction and recovery times, long maintenance time, and effectiveness.

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“…Our literature search found six publications describing in detail different systems to score recoveries in horses [448][449][450][451][452][453]. Scarabelli and Rioja (2018) found correlations between systems' simple descriptive scales (SDS) and composite scoring scales (CSS), the latter giving higher scores [453].…”

Section: Systems To Score Recoveriesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…(1) A comparison of four systems for scoring recovery quality after general anaesthesia in horses [448] (2) Quantitative and qualitative comparison of three scoring systems for assessing recovery quality after general anaesthesia in horses [449] (3) Factors affecting the perception of recovery quality in horses after anaesthesia [450] 2 (4) A study of the correlation between objective and subjective indices of recovery quality after inhalation anaesthesia in equids [451] (5) Assessment of agreement among diplomates of the American College of Veterinary Anesthesia and Analgesia for scoring the recovery of horses from anesthesia by use of subjective grading scales and development of a system for evaluation of the recovery of horses from anesthesia by use of accelerometry [452] 3 (6) Retrospective evaluation of correlation and agreement between two recovery scoring systems in horses [453] 4 /…”

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confidence: 99%

Recovery after General Anaesthesia in Adult Horses: A Structured Summary of the Literature

Gozalo-Marcilla

Ringer

2021

Animals

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Recovery remains the most dangerous phase of general anaesthesia in horses. The objective of this publication was to perform a structured literature review including levels of evidence (LoE) of each study with the keywords “recovery anaesthesia horse”, entered at once, in the search browsers PubMed and Web of Science. The two authors independently evaluated each candidate article. A final list with 444 articles was obtained on 5 April 2021, classified as: 41 “narrative reviews/expert opinions”, 16 “retrospective outcome studies”, 5 “surveys”, 59 “premedication/sedation and induction drugs”, 27 “maintenance with inhalant agents”, 55 “maintenance with total intravenous anaesthesia (TIVA)”, 3 “TIVA versus inhalants”, 56 “maintenance with partial intravenous anaesthesia (PIVA)”, 27 “other drugs used during maintenance”, 18 “drugs before/during recovery”, 18 “recovery systems”, 21 “respiratory system in recovery”, 41 “other factors”, 51 “case series/reports” and 6 “systems to score recoveries”. Of them, 167 were LoE 1, 36 LoE 2, 33 LoE 3, 110 LoE 4, 90 LoE 5 and 8 could not be classified based on the available abstract. This review can be used as an up-to-date compilation of the literature about recovery after general anaesthesia in adult horses that tried to minimise the bias inherent to narrative reviews.

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Assessment of agreement among diplomates of the American College of Veterinary Anesthesia and Analgesia for scoring the recovery of horses from anesthesia by use of subjective grading scales and development of a system for evaluation of the recovery of horses from anesthesia by use of accelerometry

Cited by 15 publications

References 40 publications

Total intravenous anaesthesia with ketamine, medetomidine and guaifenesin compared with ketamine, medetomidine and midazolam in young horses anaesthetised for computerised tomography

Total intravenous anaesthesia with ketamine, medetomidine and guaifenesin compared with ketamine, medetomidine and midazolam in young horses anaesthetised for computerised tomography

Effects of Three Anesthesia Drug Combinations in Miniature Pigs.

Recovery after General Anaesthesia in Adult Horses: A Structured Summary of the Literature

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