Assessment of a PCL-3D Printing-Dental Pulp Stem Cells Triplet for Bone Engineering: An In Vitro Study

Abstract

The search of suitable combinations of stem cells, biomaterials and scaffolds manufacturing methods have become a major focus of research for bone engineering. The aim of this study was to test the potential of dental pulp stem cells to attach, proliferate, mineralize and differentiate on 3D printed polycaprolactone (PCL) scaffolds. A 100% pure Mw: 84,500 ± 1000 PCL was selected. 5 × 10 × 5 mm3 parallelepiped scaffolds were designed as a wood-pilled structure composed of 20 layers of 250 μm in height, in a non-alternate order ([0,0,0,90,90,90°]). 3D printing was made at 170 °C. Swine dental pulp stem cells (DPSCs) were extracted from lower lateral incisors of swine and cultivated until the cells reached 80% confluence. The third passage was used for seeding on the scaffolds. Phenotype of cells was determined by flow Cytometry. Live and dead, Alamar blue™, von Kossa and alizarin red staining assays were performed. Scaffolds with 290 + 30 μm strand diameter, 938 ± 80 μm pores in the axial direction and 689 ± 13 μm pores in the lateral direction were manufactured. Together, cell viability tests, von Kossa and Alizarin red staining indicate the ability of the printed scaffolds to support DPSCs attachment, proliferation and enable differentiation followed by mineralization. The selected material-processing technique-cell line (PCL-3D printing-DPSCs) triplet can be though to be used for further modelling and preclinical experiments in bone engineering studies.

Doped Potassium Jarosite: Synthesis, Characterization and Evaluation as Biomaterial for Its Application in Bone Tissue Engineering

“…According to these results, samples were washed using deionized water at a boiling temperature under mechanical stirring and adding to the rest of the solution during 2 to 3 min, and finally filtered to get the samples to be dried. The washing process was completed twice, and again pH was measured until values of 6.9 for JKCa, 7.2 for JKCa2 and 7.4 for JKAll were obtained, which are acceptable to be used in cell assays [30].…”

“…Alizarin red staining can be used as an indicator of osteogenic differentiation [30]. After seeding the swine dental pulp stem cells in a 24-well plate, 10 mm 3 of jarosite powder (group b, c and e) was added.…”

Compositions and Structural Geometries of Scaffolds Used in the Regeneration of Cleft Palates: A Review of the Literature

“…The results showed that the morphology can be controlled using this technique, while cell viability tests and staining with von Kossa red and Aliazarin showed the binding, proliferation and differentiation capacity levels of swine dental pulp stem cells (DPSCs) in the obtained PCL scaffolds. These results indicate that these biomaterials have potential uses in additional models and preclinical experiments for bone engineering studies [ 36 ].…”

Enhanced osteogenic differentiation of stem cells by 3D printed PCL scaffolds coated with collagen and hydroxyapatite

“…Poly(ε-caprolactone) (PCL) is a suitable synthetic polymer for use in bone tissue engineering because of its mechanical strength, thermoelastic behavior, adjustment of structural degradation time in proportion to recovery biocompatibility, and rapid freezing due to its calcium ions. However, PCL shows low performance, low flexibility, and lack of cell attachment sites, and there are no functional groups in the polymer chain compared with the natural bone tissue 9 , 15 – 17 . PCL easily combines with other synthetic and natural polymers and bioceramic materials to allow PCL properties to be precisely adjusted 18 .…”

“…In contrast, hydroxyapatite (HA) is the most stable form of calcium phosphate at the body’s pH. Moreover, it is very suitable for bone substitute due to its excellent osteoconductivity, biocompatibility, cell binding, and proliferation 15 – 17 . Numerous experiments have been conducted using PCL and HA materials in combined biomedical scaffolds for bone tissue engineering applications 19 , 20 .…”