Neuroimaging techniques such as head computed tomography (CT) are frequently used to guide neurosurgical and neurocritical care of civilian and military patients with severe traumatic brain injury (sTBI). Although less widely available, brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) enhances detection of traumatic axonal injury and therefore improves the accuracy of outcome prediction for patients with sTBI. Nevertheless, over the past several years, emerging evidence has revealed that conventional MRI also has limitations as a prognostic tool in sTBI. Thus, there is growing interest in the development of advanced imaging techniques to guide prognostication and therapeutic decision-making. These advanced imaging techniques enable measurement of the brain's structural and functional connectivity, as well as its perfusion, metabolism, and responses to stimuli. In this review, we discuss the clinical applications and limitations of head CT and conventional MRI, as well as evidence demonstrating that advanced imaging techniques may improve the accuracy of prognostication for patients with sTBI.