Abstract:Fish is the most indispensable source of proteins for individuals and have high nutritional value. On the other hand, the fish culturing raised issues of fish health due to close contact between the aquatic environment and the fish pathogens. So, the aim of the current study was to identify the bacterial pathogens and screen the injured Rainbow trout rearing in different trout hatcheries run under fisheries department of the government of Azad Jammu and Kashmir, Pakistan. Seven bacterial pathogens such as Shig… Show more
“…The rapid spread and the ubiquitous nature of fish pathogenic microorganisms mean that infection control and prevention can be difficult [ 99 , 100 ]. Preventing and controlling diseases in aquaculture becomes more challenging with: (1) severe fecal contamination in fish farm waters [ 101 , 102 ], because few medications are licensed for use in fisheries [ 2 , 25 ] and many chemotherapeutic agents are ineffective against endospores and zoospores, leading to treatment failure in the case of infection [ 103 , 104 ]; (2) irregular environmental conditions (e.g., elevated temperatures, salinity variations, decreased oxygen concentrations, high organic load) that may contribute to disease outbreaks, often weakened by the sensitive fish’s innate defense system [ 98 , 102 , 105 ]; (3) high fish densities (greater than the indicated for each species), common practice in farming systems, which reduces infection resistance [ 106 ]; (4) different stages of the fish life cycle, that affect the development of the immune system, increases the frequency of infections [ 106 , 107 ]; (5) the indiscriminate and prophylactic use of antibiotics that increases the resistance problem in common pathogenic bacteria and the concern with the antibiotic spread in the environment [ 25 , 28 , 108 ].…”
Section: Disease Control and Alternative Approachesmentioning
Aeromonas species often cause disease in farmed fish and are responsible for causing significant economic losses worldwide. Although vaccination is the ideal method to prevent infectious diseases, there are still very few vaccines commercially available in the aquaculture field. Currently, aquaculture production relies heavily on antibiotics, contributing to the global issue of the emergence of antimicrobial-resistant bacteria and resistance genes. Therefore, it is essential to develop effective alternatives to antibiotics to reduce their use in aquaculture systems. Bacteriophage (or phage) therapy is a promising approach to control pathogenic bacteria in farmed fish that requires a heavy understanding of certain factors such as the selection of phages, the multiplicity of infection that produces the best bacterial inactivation, bacterial resistance, safety, the host’s immune response, administration route, phage stability and influence. This review focuses on the need to advance phage therapy research in aquaculture, its efficiency as an antimicrobial strategy and the critical aspects to successfully apply this therapy to control Aeromonas infection in fish.
“…The rapid spread and the ubiquitous nature of fish pathogenic microorganisms mean that infection control and prevention can be difficult [ 99 , 100 ]. Preventing and controlling diseases in aquaculture becomes more challenging with: (1) severe fecal contamination in fish farm waters [ 101 , 102 ], because few medications are licensed for use in fisheries [ 2 , 25 ] and many chemotherapeutic agents are ineffective against endospores and zoospores, leading to treatment failure in the case of infection [ 103 , 104 ]; (2) irregular environmental conditions (e.g., elevated temperatures, salinity variations, decreased oxygen concentrations, high organic load) that may contribute to disease outbreaks, often weakened by the sensitive fish’s innate defense system [ 98 , 102 , 105 ]; (3) high fish densities (greater than the indicated for each species), common practice in farming systems, which reduces infection resistance [ 106 ]; (4) different stages of the fish life cycle, that affect the development of the immune system, increases the frequency of infections [ 106 , 107 ]; (5) the indiscriminate and prophylactic use of antibiotics that increases the resistance problem in common pathogenic bacteria and the concern with the antibiotic spread in the environment [ 25 , 28 , 108 ].…”
Section: Disease Control and Alternative Approachesmentioning
Aeromonas species often cause disease in farmed fish and are responsible for causing significant economic losses worldwide. Although vaccination is the ideal method to prevent infectious diseases, there are still very few vaccines commercially available in the aquaculture field. Currently, aquaculture production relies heavily on antibiotics, contributing to the global issue of the emergence of antimicrobial-resistant bacteria and resistance genes. Therefore, it is essential to develop effective alternatives to antibiotics to reduce their use in aquaculture systems. Bacteriophage (or phage) therapy is a promising approach to control pathogenic bacteria in farmed fish that requires a heavy understanding of certain factors such as the selection of phages, the multiplicity of infection that produces the best bacterial inactivation, bacterial resistance, safety, the host’s immune response, administration route, phage stability and influence. This review focuses on the need to advance phage therapy research in aquaculture, its efficiency as an antimicrobial strategy and the critical aspects to successfully apply this therapy to control Aeromonas infection in fish.
“…In cold or freezer storage many changes such as biochemical changes in lipids and proteins can occur (Latip et al, 2013) (Ampofo and Clerk, 2010). Prevalences of bacteria namely Bacillus cereus, Streptococcus pyogenes, Serratia odorifera, Enterobacter amnigenus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella typhimurium and Shigella flexneri were detected in Rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) fish collected from different trout hatcheries (Kousar et al, 2020). The bacterial isolates such as Bacillus moratorium, Bacillus pumilus, Bacillus licheniformis, Listeria monocytogenes, Providential stuartii, Serratia marcescens, Salmonella spp.…”
Fish is the main source of animal protein for human diet. The aim of this study was to find out prevalence of pathogenic bacteria of two selected economically important fish of Pakistan namely Mahseer (Tor putitora) and Silver carp (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix). Live fish samples from hatcheries and dead fish samples from different markets of study area were randomly collected. The fish samples were analyzed for isolation, identification and prevalence of bacteria. The isolated bacteria from study fish were identified through biochemical test and about 10 species of pathogenic bacteria were identified including the pathogenic bacteria to human and fish namely, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Streptococcus iniae, Serratia spp. Citrobacter spp. Stenotrophomonas spp. Bacillus spp. and Salmonella spp. The bacterial percentage frequency of occurrence in Silver carp and Mahseer fish showed Pseudomonas aeruginosa 21.42%, Staphylococcus epidermidis 17.85%, Escherichia coli 11.90%, Staphylococcus aureus 9.52%, Citrobacter spp. 9.52%, Serratia spp. 8.33%, Streptococcus iniae 7.14%, Stenotrophomonas spp. 5.95%, Bacillus spp. 4.76% and Salmonella spp. 3.57%. The study revealed that Fish samples of Mahseer and Silver carp that were collected from markets have found more isolates (10 bacterial species) than did the fresh fish pond samples (03 bacterial species) of hatcheries. The occurrence of pathogenic bacteria in study fish showed risk factor for public health consumers.
“…Fish diseases are becoming devastating factor especially in developing countries like Pakistan, where aquaculture is operational with limited financial and technological resources. One of the constraints faced in major carp culture in Pakistan is the high temperature and humidity during Monsoon season, which provides a favorable environment for A. hydrophila to grow in ponds resulting in high risk of fish infections (Kousar et al, 2020). Keeping in view the increasing importance of vaccination as immunoprophylaxis measure for disease prevention, the present study was planned to develop alum-based inactivated vaccines against pathogenic A. hydrophila for cultured fish species of Pakistan.…”
Aeromonas hydrophila is a cause of infectious disease outbreaks in carp species cultured in South Asian countries including Pakistan. This bacterium has gained resistance to a wide range of antibiotics and robust preventive measures are necessary to control its spread. No prior use of fish vaccines has been reported in Pakistan. The present study aims to develop and evaluate inactivated vaccines against local strain of A. hydrophila in Pakistan with alum-precipitate as adjuvant. The immunogenic potential of vaccine was evaluated in two Indian major carps (Rohu: Labeo rohita, Mori: Cirrhinus mrigala) and a Chinese carp (Grass carp: Ctenopharyngodon idella). Fish were vaccinated intraperitoneally followed by a challenge through immersion. Fish with an average age of 4-5 months were randomly distributed in three vaccinated groups with three vaccine concentrations of 108, 109 and 1010 colony forming unit (CFU)/ml and a control group. Fixed dose of 0.1ml was applied to each fish on 1st day and a booster dose at 15 days post-vaccination (DPV). Blood samples were collected on 14, 28, 35, 48 and 60 DPV to determine antibody titers in blood serum using compliment fixation test (CFT). Fish were challenged at 60 DPV with infectious A. hydrophila with 108 CFU/ml through immersion. Significantly higher levels of antibody titers were observed from 28 DPV in all vaccinated groups as compared to those in the control group. In challenge experiment the average RPS (relative percent survivability) was 71% for groups vaccinated with 109 and 1010 CFU/ml and 86% for 108 CFU/ml. Vaccine with 108 CFU/ml induced highest immune response followed by 109 and 1010 CFU/ml. The immune response of L. rohita and C. idella was better than that of C. mrigala. In general, normal histopathology was observed in different organs of vaccinated fish whereas minor deteriorative changes were found in fish vaccinated with higher concentrations of the vaccine.
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