Assessing the Scaling Subtraction Method for Impact Damage Detection in Composite Plates

Porcu, Maria Cristina; Pieczonka, Łukasz; Frau, Alessandra; Staszewski, Wiesław J.; Aymerich, Francesco

doi:10.1007/s10921-017-0413-9

Cited by 24 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 39 publications

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“…Previous investigations by the authors on the application of the SSM technique for damage detection in composite materials showed that the sensitivity of the method depends on the frequency of the harmonic excitation [23,24]. With the latter usually chosen among the resonance frequencies of the system, a preliminary modal analysis for the identification of the natural frequencies of the system is, therefore, needed.…”

Section: Scaling Subtraction Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Impact Damage Detection in Composite Beams by Analysis of Non-Linearity under Pulse Excitation

2021

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To detect the presence of damage, many structural health monitoring techniques exploit the nonlinear features that typically affect the otherwise linear dynamic response of structural components with internal defects. One of them is the Scaling Subtraction Method (SSM), which evaluates nonlinear features of the response to a high-amplitude harmonic excitation by subtracting a scaled reference signal. Originally tested on granular materials, the SSM was shown to be effective for composite materials as well. However, the dependence of the technique efficiency on the testing frequency, usually selected among the natural frequencies of the system, may limit its application in practice. This paper investigates the feasibility of applying the SSM through a broadband impulsive excitation, which would avoid the need of a preliminary modal analysis and address the issue of the proper selection of the excitation frequency. A laminated composite beam was tested in intact and damaged conditions under both scaled harmonic excitations of different frequency and broadband impulsive signals of scaled amplitude. Two damage indicators working on the frequency domain were introduced. The results showed a good sensitivity of the SSM to the presence and level of impact damage in composite beams when applied through a broadband impulsive excitation.

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Section: Scaling Subtraction Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Recently, it was shown that the SSM can be effective in assessing the presence of impact damage in composite laminates [22][23][24]. The sensitivity of the method was found, however, to strongly depend on the excitation frequency.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Impact Damage Detection in Composite Beams by Analysis of Non-Linearity under Pulse Excitation

2021

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“…Many signal processing methods have been developed for the processing of ultrasound responses, which broadly form two functions, either filtering or amplification of signal responses. Specifically, within the nonlinear ultrasound field, methods such as Hilbert–Huang transforms, wavelet analysis, scaling subtraction, and sideband imaging have all been used to improve damage/defect detection.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Phase symmetry analysis for nonlinear ultrasonic modulated signals

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Ciampa

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2020

Struct Control Health Monit

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Summary Nonlinear ultrasonic experiments typically require digital pass‐band filters and advanced signal processing tools to highlight low‐amplitude nonlinear elastic effects such as harmonics, subharmonics, and sidebands, which are used as signatures for the presence of damage. However, current signal processing techniques cannot be used with dual periodic excitation without reducing signal frequency resolution and severely altering measured waveforms. This paper reports the theoretical development of phase symmetry analysis for nonlinear ultrasound with dual periodic transmission. The proposed signal postprocessing technique consists of determining the phase angles of transmitted waveforms that allow filtering modulated nonlinear ultrasonic waves from the measured signal spectrum. Experimental results validated theoretical predictions and revealed that phase symmetry analysis method provides an easy‐to‐implement and reliable procedure to extract sidebands from the measured signal noise. Phase symmetry analysis with dual excitation has, therefore, the potential to enable sensitive and efficient nonlinear ultrasound testing for various materials, damage scenarios, and applications.

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“…In addition to sideband analysis, a handful of other methods which quantitatively measure system nonlinearity have been developed and investigated . This includes; high order spectra (HOS) (Klepka, Straczkiewicz, et al, 2015), frequency-wavenumber and angle-domain wavenumber analysis (Ruzzene, 2007;Xie, 2015), as well as extensions of conventional spectral analysis (Klepka, Straczkiewicz, et al, 2015) which incorporates additional filtering, (Porcu et al, 2017). Other methods also include resonance imaging techniques (Ghasemloonia and Khadem, 2011) and empirical mode decomposition (Tarpara and Patankar, 2018).…”

Section: Other Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In most of the investigated literature, the common but rudimentary sideband magnitude method as an index for material damage is used. Although some authors have considered alternative approaches (Ruzzene, 2007;Scalerandi et al, 2008;Ghasemloonia and Khadem, 2011;Iwaniec, Klepka, and Uhl, 2011;Klepka, Straczkiewicz, et al, 2015;Xie, 2015;Hu et al, 2017;Pieczonka, Zietek, et al, 2017;Porcu et al, 2017) the vast majority of research has employed some variation of sideband analysis. In…”

Section: Sideband Ratiomentioning

confidence: 99%

An investigation into novel techniques for nonlinear NDT measurements and their applications

Carcione¹

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Non-Destructive Testing (NDT) encompasses a diverse field of techniques that can be used to detect the presence of damage in mechanical components and parts. Among these techniques, ultrasonic pulse echo NDT is the most common method used to detect damage. Conventional ultrasonic NDT utilizes piezoelectric transducers to send and receive pulses of acoustic energy into a part. The interaction of these elastic waves with material defects can be measured as small amounts of reflected energy. However, current methods have significant limitations when it comes to defects such as micro-cracks, closed cracks or weak bonds. It is recognized that nonlinear acoustics methods can be used for the detection of early stage damage and material defects that are generally undetectable with traditional methods. One of these methods is nonlinear wave modulation also referred to as nonlinear vibro-acoustics. In this technique a sample is excited at two distinct frequencies, known as pumping and probing waves. The pumping wave is normally between 10-1000 Hz and the probing wave is in the ultrasonic range. Interactions with defects, such as cracks or weak bonds, causes intermodulation of these two frequencies due to nonlinear effects. These effects include nonlinear contact dynamics, hysteresis and contact acoustic nonlinearity (CAN). This intermodulation results in additional frequencies being present in the frequency domain that were not part of the original excitation. These new frequencies are known as sidebands or harmonics and can be directly observed by taking an FFT of the system response. This work attempts to address the disadvantages of conventional nonlinear NDT methods while also expanding the understanding of nonlinear phenomena through novel processing methods and apparatuses. In this research three novel methods have been developed. The first method utilizes nonlinear frequency mixing without requiring the use of a low frequency pumping wave. The sample is excited at several distinct but similar frequencies in the ultrasonic range using only one piezoelectric transducer. This eliminates the need of a shaker for low frequency excitation, greatly simplifying experimental design. The second technique is a novel data processing method. It is based on the down-conversion of the probing wave to recover a low frequency distorted wave, this provides a more direct and meaningful analysis of nonlinear wave modulation compared to conventional methods. This technique uses all of the sideband spectra around the probing frequency. This is in contrast to existing methods that typically only consider the first or second pair of sidebands in their analysis. Lastly, an entirely non-contact, air-coupled nonlinear vibro-acoustic measurement technique and apparatus has been developed and demonstrated. This apparatus uses non-contact ultrasonic transducers for probing wave excitation and a loudspeaker inside a resonant cavity to provide a pumping excitation. The technique is demonstrated for the detection of near surface defects for thin pl...

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Assessing the Scaling Subtraction Method for Impact Damage Detection in Composite Plates

Cited by 24 publications

References 39 publications

Impact Damage Detection in Composite Beams by Analysis of Non-Linearity under Pulse Excitation

Impact Damage Detection in Composite Beams by Analysis of Non-Linearity under Pulse Excitation

Phase symmetry analysis for nonlinear ultrasonic modulated signals

An investigation into novel techniques for nonlinear NDT measurements and their applications

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