Assessing the risk of chronic shipping noise to baleen whales off Southern California, USA

Redfern, Jessica V.; Hatch, Leila T.; Caldow, Chris; DeAngelis, Monica L.; Gedamke, Jason; Hastings, Sean; Henderson, Laurel; McKenna, Megan F.; Moore, Thomas J.; Porter, Michael B.

doi:10.3354/esr00797

Cited by 32 publications

(24 citation statements)

References 40 publications

(58 reference statements)

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“…However, opportunities to test our ability to forecast such changes have been limited, and there are inherent challenges predicting biological responses based on climate change projections (Hobday & Lough, ). Species distribution models (SDMs) have been used to predict the abundance and distribution of seabirds, fish, sea turtles and cetaceans, and to evaluate risk from human activities (Benson et al, ; Forney, Becker, Foley, Barlow, & Oleson, ; Gilles et al, ; Hammond et al, ; Leathwick, Elith, Francis, Hastie, & Taylor, ; Louzao et al, ; Oppel et al, ; Redfern et al, ; Redfern, Hatch, et al, ; Torres et al, ). SDMs developed for cetaceans in the California Current Ecosystem (CCE) have shown forecasting ability at time‐scales ranging from weeks (Hazen et al, ) to months (Becker et al, ), but the range of habitat covariate values for the forecast time were generally within those used to build the predictive models.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Predicting cetacean abundance and distribution in a changing climate

Becker

Forney

Redfern

et al. 2018

Diversity and Distributions

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Aim Changes in abundance and shifts in distribution as a result of a warming climate have been documented for many marine species, but opportunities to test our ability to forecast such changes have been limited. This study evaluates the ability of habitat‐based density models to accurately forecast cetacean abundance and distribution during a novel year with unprecedented warm ocean temperatures caused by a sustained marine heatwave. Location California Current Ecosystem, USA. Methods We constructed generalized additive models based on cetacean sighting and environmental data from 1991 to 2009 for eight species with a diverse range of habitat associations. Models were built with three different sets of predictor variables to compare performance. Models were then used to forecast species abundance and distribution patterns during 2014, a year with anomalously warm ocean temperatures. Cetacean sighting data collected during 2014 were used to assess model forecasts. Results Ratios of model‐predicted abundance to observed abundance were close to 1:1 for all but one species and accurately captured changes in the number of animals in the study area during the anomalous year. Predicted distribution patterns also showed good concordance with the 2014 survey observations. Our results indicate that habitat relationships were captured sufficiently to predict both changes in abundance and shifts in distribution when conditions warmed, for both cool‐ and warm‐temperate species. Main conclusions Models built with multidecadal datasets were able to forecast abundance and distribution in a novel warm year for a diverse set of cetacean species. Models with the best explanatory power did not necessarily have the best predictive power. Also, they revealed species‐specific responses to warming ocean waters. Results have implications for modelling effects of climate change on cetaceans and other marine predators.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Predicting cetacean abundance and distribution in a changing climate

Becker

Forney

Redfern

et al. 2018

Diversity and Distributions

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“…On the other hand, environmental concerns about the noise contributions from shipping have been raised, e.g., Redfern et al (2017).…”

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confidence: 99%

Deep-water measurements of container ship radiated noise signatures and directionality

Gassmann

Wiggins

Hildebrand

2017

The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America

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Underwater radiated noise from merchant ships was measured opportunistically from multiple spatial aspects to estimate signature source levels and directionality. Transiting ships were tracked via the Automatic Identification System in a shipping lane while acoustic pressure was measured at the ships' keel and beam aspects. Port and starboard beam aspects were 15°, 30°, and 45° in compliance with ship noise measurements standards [ANSI/ASA S12.64 (2009) and ISO 17208-1 (2016)]. Additional recordings were made at a 10° starboard aspect. Source levels were derived with a spherical propagation (surface-affected) or a modified Lloyd's mirror model to account for interference from surface reflections (surface-corrected). Ship source depths were estimated from spectral differences between measurements at different beam aspects. Results were exemplified with a 4870 and a 10 036 twenty-foot equivalent unit container ship at 40%–56% and 87% of service speeds, respectively. For the larger ship, opportunistic ANSI/ISO broadband levels were 195 (surface-affected) and 209 (surface-corrected) dB re 1 μPa2 1 m. Directionality at a propeller blade rate of 8 Hz exhibited asymmetries in stern-bow (<6 dB) and port-starboard (<9 dB) direction. Previously reported broadband levels at 10° aspect from McKenna, Ross, Wiggins, and Hildebrand [(2012b). J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 131, 92–103] may be ∼12 dB lower than respective surface-affected ANSI/ISO standard derived levels.

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“…Moreover, exposure is highest where shipping density coincides with hotspots of marine giants (Redfern et al . ). Clark et al .…”

Section: Applying Road Ecology Theory To Marine Roadsmentioning

confidence: 97%

“…Modeling of shipping noise levels in Southern California revealed that noise from shipping propagates far beyond marine roads, and penetrated into whale habitat designated as shipping mitigation areas (eg Traffic Separation Scheme, an Area to be Avoided, and a National Marine Sanctuary; Redfern et al . ). Broadening shipping exclusion zones to incorporate acoustic buffer areas could enhance protection wherever ship impacts impede endangered species recovery.…”

Section: Mitigation Of Marine Road Consequences For Whalesmentioning

confidence: 97%

“…where shipping density coincides with hotspots of marine giants (Redfern et al 2017). Clark et al (2009) outlined ways to use simple physical acoustic models to convert chronic ocean noise into "lost" communication space; such masking metrics could allow us to translate the conceptual framework described here into quantitative metrics of habitat effectively lost to whales due to chronic ocean noise.…”

Section: Reviewsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Consequences of global shipping traffic for marine giants

Pirotta

Grech

Jonsen

et al. 2018

Frontiers in Ecol & Environ

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Shipping routes in the ocean are analogous to terrestrial roads, in that they are regularly used thoroughfares that concentrate the movement of vessels between multiple locations. We applied a terrestrial road ecology framework to examine the ecological impacts of increased global shipping on “marine giants” (ie great whales, basking sharks [Cetorhinus maximus], and whale sharks [Rhincodon typus]). This framework aided in identifying where such “marine roads” and marine giants are likely to interact and the consequences of those interactions. We also reviewed known impacts of shipping routes on these species, and then applied the road ecology framework to detect unknown and potentially threatening processes. In the marine environment, such a framework can be used to incorporate knowledge of existing shipping impacts into management practices, thereby reducing the detrimental effects of future expansion of shipping routes on marine giants.

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Assessing the risk of chronic shipping noise to baleen whales off Southern California, USA

Cited by 32 publications

References 40 publications

Predicting cetacean abundance and distribution in a changing climate

Predicting cetacean abundance and distribution in a changing climate

Deep-water measurements of container ship radiated noise signatures and directionality

Consequences of global shipping traffic for marine giants

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