“…Overall, results from these studies have suggested four types of direct ICT-travel relationships: substitution (e.g., Viswanathan & Goulias, 2001;Senbil & Kitamura, 2003;Tonn & Hemrick, 2004;Berg et al, 2013), complementarity (e.g., Kim & Goulias, 2004;Farag et al, 2006;Choo & Mokhtarian, 2007;Tillema et al, 2010), modification (e.g., Kenyon & Lyons, 2007;Elaluf-Calderwood, 2010;Alexander et al, 2013;Ben-Elia et al, 2014), and neutrality (e.g., Mokhtarian & Meenakshisundaram, 1999;Senbil & Kitamura, 2003;Pawlak, 2014). Moreover, more complex and indirect relationships between ICT use and activity-travel behavior, mediated by different factors such as socio-demographics, attitudes, and math-related literacies, have also been examined and revealed by many studies of this kind (e.g., Farag et al, 2007;Wang & Law, 2007;Wu et al, 2019;Hong et al, 2020).…”