“…In particular, the Delhi area presents a pertinent case since the flux is a near-simultaneous mixture of both the agricultural and urban CO 2 emissions. Furthermore, quantitative analyses of the impact of landscape changes associated with expansion and intensification of agricultural activities in India [Gray et al, 2014;Zeng et al, 2014] on the regional carbon budget [Patra et al, 2013] would lead to better subgrid-scale parameterizations in global climate models of regional carbon exchange associated with changing agricultural practices, as well as CO 2 emissions associated with increasing fossil fuel consumption [Boden et al, 2013] and urbanization [Duren and Miller, 2012 , 43, 11,859-11,866, doi:10.1002 In this study, we analyzed vertical profiles of atmospheric CO 2 concentration over Delhi, India, measured on board commercial airliners as part of the CONTRAIL (Comprehensive Observation Network for Trace gases by Airliners) project. Influence of the rabi crop agriculture in the northwest Indo-Gangetic Plains and of urban CO 2 emissions from the Delhi metropolitan area is discussed in the context of their relative contributions to the regional carbon budget.…”